Med Surg

Question 1

____ is the movement of water that goes from a dilute to concentrated

Answer 1

Osmosis

Question 2

_____ _____ is the process by which dissolved substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

Answer 2

Passive diffusion.

Question 3

_____ ____ process of a carrier in which certain dissolved substances require the assistance of a carrier molecule to pass from one side of a cellular membrane to the other.

Answer 3

Facilitated diffusion

Question 4

____ spacing is the normal distribution of body fluids

Answer 4

1st spacing

Question 5

___ spacing is dependent edema

Answer 5

2nd spacing

Question 6

___ spacing is fluid is in a space where it does you no good

Ex is asites

Answer 6

Third spacing

Question 7

What’s the normal value for Na

Answer 7

135-145 mEq

Question 8

What’s the normal value mg

Answer 8

1.3-2.1mEq/dl

Question 9

What’s the normal range for K

Answer 9

3.5-5.0 mEq

Question 10

What’s the normal range for Ca

Answer 10

9-11 mg/dl

Question 11

______ (fluid volume deficit) refers to a low volume of extracellular fluid.

Answer 11

Hypovolemia

Question 12

Lethargic, depressed, difficulty swallowing, or diarrhea is signs, eats food poorly, require assistance to drink Bc of weakness, paralysis, or limited range of motion and symptoms of

Answer 12

Hypovolemia

Question 13

_____ results when the volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments

Answer 13

Dehydration

Question 14

What’s the most common fluid imbalance in older adults

Answer 14

Dehydration

Question 15

Use of diuretics, laxatives, or enemas may also deplete fluid volume in older adults. Chronic fluid volume deficit can lead to other problems such as electrolyte imbalances.

Answer 15

Know

Question 16

____ (fluid volume excess) means there is a high volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment

Answer 16

Hypervolemia

Question 17

Hypervolemia can result to circulatory overload. A fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for the intravascular space and can potentially compromise cardiopulmonary function

Answer 17

Know

Question 18

Signs of ____ is weight gain, elevated BP, increased breathing effort.

Answer 18

Hypervolemia

Question 19

_____ edema, intentions in the skin after compression

Answer 19

Pitting

Question 20

__ edema is edema in body areas most affected by gravity such as the feet, ankles, sacrum, or buttocks

Answer 20

Dependent

Question 21

In _____ the blood cell count and hematocrit level are low as a result of hemodilution. The urine specific gravity is also low reflecting the larger proportion of water

Answer 21

Hypervolemia

Question 22

____ is a reduced ratio of blood components to watery plasma

Answer 22

Hemodilution

Question 23

What’s the main cause of metabolic acidosis

Answer 23

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 24

Causes of ______ ______ is rapid decrease in extracellular volume, loss of hydrogen, and chloride ions.

Answer 24

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 25

Cause of ___ ___ is from a carbonic acid deficit when rapid breathing releases more CO2 with expired air

Answer 25

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 26

Causes of _____ _____ is excess carbonic acid. Causes blood pH to drop below 7.34

Answer 26

Respiratory acidosis

Question 27

When you have a high K what will stand out on the ECG

Answer 27

Tall tented T wave

Question 28

Normally there will be no U wave in ECG. Unless with low K

Answer 28

Know

Question 29

A high CO2= a low level of consciousness A high CO2= a low O2

Answer 29

Know

Question 30

___ is fluid equal with cell

Answer 30

Isotonic

Question 31

_____ is solute concentration increased outside of the cell

Answer 31

Hypertonic

Question 32

___ are large sized substances that can attract water

Answer 32

Colloids

Question 33

Most common type of shock

Answer 33

Hypovolemic

Question 34

Signs and symptoms of shock

Answer 34

``` Increased RR & tachycardia Low BP Anxious Pallor Oliguria Clammy Pulse is fast and thready ```

Question 35

What position should you put someone in for low BP

Answer 35

Trendelenburg

Question 36

Sodium level is totally dependent on fluid in body

Answer 36

Know

Question 37

___ is the most abundant extracellular fluid

Answer 37

Sodium

Question 38

___ is the most abundant intracellular

Answer 38

K

Question 39

___ is substances that release Hydrogen into fluid

Answer 39

Acid

Question 40

____ is a liquid in which substances are dissolved

Answer 40

Solvent

Question 41

Water 1. Universal solvent 2. Transport median 3. Assists in metabolic reactions

Answer 41

Know

Question 42

_____ ____ is fluid between cells outside of blood vessels

Answer 42

Interstitial fluid

Question 43

Water within cells

Answer 43

Intracellular fluid

Question 44

Water outside cells

Answer 44

Extracellular fluid

Question 45

___ ____ is energy source requires ATP to drive from a low to high concentration

Answer 45

Active transport

Question 46

____ is fluid dissolved in substances removed from a higher to lower concentration

Answer 46

Filtration

Question 47

Third spacing is associated with loss of colloids, may accompany hypoalbuminemia or burns or severe allergic reactions.

Answer 47

Know

Question 48

What element is chief cation

Answer 48

Sodium

Question 49

___ is a positively charged electrolyte in extracellular fluid and is essential for maintaining Normal nerve and muscle activity

Answer 49

Cation

Question 50

What’s the drugs given for shock?

Answer 50

2 IV large bore 18-20g | Oxygen and blood

Question 51

What do osmoreceptors do

Answer 51

Trigger thirst receptors

Question 52

Second spacing examples

Answer 52

Pedal edema

Question 53

_______-_____ _____ ____ is a series of chemicals released to increase both BP and blood volume

Answer 53

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 54

Angiotensin raises BP

Answer 54

Know

Question 55

___ ___ is hormone like substances that act in opposite to the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.

Answer 55

Natriuretic peptides

Question 56

_____ ____ is a general term describing any of several conditions in which the body’s water is not in the proper volume or location

Answer 56

Fluid imbalance

Question 57

What lab determines the severity of CHF less than 100

Answer 57

BMP

Question 58

Fluid volume is regulated primarily by the excretion of water in the form of urine and the promotion of thirst. This is regulated by the HYPOTHALAMUS

Answer 58

Know

Question 59

____ ____ or concentration of substances in blood.

Answer 59

Serum osmolality

Question 60

_____ are stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that sjgnal the brain to release ADH when blood volume decreased by 10%

Answer 60

Baroreceptors

Question 61

______ is dilution- to much H2O not enough Na

Answer 61

Hyponatremia

Question 62

Causes of ____ is diaphoresis, excessive ingestion of plain water or admin of nonelectrolyte fluids. Profuse dieuresis, loss of GI secretions, prolonged vomiting, GI suctioning and Addison’s disease

Answer 62

Hyponatremia

Question 63

_____ -dehydration. Excess sodium in blood

Answer 63

Hypernatremia

Question 64

Causes of ____ is profuse watery diarrhea, excessive salt intake without sufficient water intake, high fever, deceased water intake

Answer 64

Hypernatremia

Question 65

____ results in thirst, dry sticky membranes, decreased urine output, lethargy can progress to coma Treatment is oral admin of water or IV hypotonic solution

Answer 65

Hypernatremia

Question 66

If sodium is high potassium is low

Answer 66

Know

Question 67

Cardiac arrhythmia can happen if on digitalis

Answer 67

Know

Question 68

causes ____ lasix, edecrin, hydrochlorothiazide contribute. Loss of fluid from GI, Vomiting diarrhea, draining intestinal fistula, large dose of steroids, IV of insulin

Answer 68

Hypokalemia

Question 69

____ causes fatigue? Weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting cardiac arrhythmias

Answer 69

Hypokalemia

Question 70

Good sources of potassium?

Answer 70

Bananas and cantaloupe

Question 71

____ can occur with severe renal failure. Symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, paresthesisas, and cardiac arrhythmia... causes unique ECG waves

Answer 71

Hyperkalemia

Question 72

Potassium is excreted by the

Answer 72

Kidneys

Question 73

If IV potassium is ordered it must be diluted with an IV solution and administered at a rate below 10meq/hr

Answer 73

Know

Question 74

Causes of _____ is vitamin d deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, severe burns, acute pancreatitis, certain drugs like steroids, rapid admin of blood, intestinal malabsorption disorders, accidentally removal of parathyroid

Answer 74

Hypocalcemia

Question 75

____ is evidenced by tingling of extremities and around mouth, muscle and abdominal cramps, positive chvosteks sign, tetany (muscle twitching)

Answer 75

Hypocalcemia

Question 76

What is tetany

Answer 76

Muscle twitching

Question 77

Trousseau sign is carpoedal spasms

Answer 77

Know

Question 78

___ is caused from a pathological fracture. Causes deep bone pain, constipation, polyuria, promotes formation of kidney stones

Answer 78

Hypercalcemia

Question 79

___ is found in bone cells and specialized cells of heart, liver, and skeletal muscles. Involved in transmission of nerve impulses and muscle excitability and activated several enzyme systems

Answer 79

Magnesium

Question 80

Conditions that can cause __ is chronic alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe burns, severe renal disease,

Answer 80

Hypomagnesemia

Question 81

Magnesium rich foods

Answer 81

Green leafy veggies and whole grains

Question 82

_____ can be a consequence of renal failure, Addison’s disease, excessive use of antacids or laxatives and hyperparathyroidism

Answer 82

Hypermagnesemia

Question 83

____ is excessive accumulation of bases or loss of acid in body fluids

Answer 83

Alkalosis

Question 84

cardiac arrest and lactic acid evaluation means acidosis

Answer 84

Know

Question 85

_____ symptoms are flushing, hypotension, bradycardia, decreased RR

Answer 85

Hypermagnesemia

Question 86

_____ ____ is a compensatory mechanism to rid the body of CO2 and this orebent carbonic acid from forming

Answer 86

Kussmauls breathing

Question 87

The major chemical regulator of plasma Ph is bicarbonate carbonic acid buffer system

Answer 87

Know

Question 88

___ is a life threatening condition that occurs when arterial blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues and cels are inadequate. Causes 1. Blood volume decreases 2. The heart fails as an effective pump 3. Peripheral blood vessels massively dilate

Answer 88

Shock

Question 89

____ is most common type of shock the volume of extracellular fluid is significantly diminished primarily because of loss of blood or plasma

Answer 89

Hypovolemic hemorrhage shock

Question 90

___ shock is sometimes called normovolemic shock Bc the amount of fluid in the circulatory system is not reduced yet the fluid doesn’t permit effective tissue perfusion

Answer 90

Distributive shock

Question 91

___ shock is the rarest type of shock, results from injury that affect the vasomotor center in the medulla of the brain or the peripheral nerves they extent from spinal cord to blood vessels

Answer 91

Neurogenic shock

Question 92

_____ shock is the highest mortality rate. Associated with overwhelming bacteria infections

Answer 92

Septic shock

Question 93

____ _____ ___ ____ an Inflammatory state without proven source of infection

Answer 93

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Question 94

____ ____ ____ ____ is a complication of overwhelming inflammation that results in massive cellular, tissue, and organ injury

Answer 94

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Question 95

Septic shock occurs mostly in clients with gram neg bacteria, E. coli, species of pseudomonas and gram positive resistant staphylococcus and strep species

Answer 95

Know

Question 96

____ are harmful chemicals released by bacterial cells. Prob major cause of septic shock

Answer 96

Endotoxins

Question 97

____ shock is a severe allergic reaction

Answer 97

Anaphylactic shock

Question 98

___ shock is when there is interference with the circulation of blood into and out of the heart, compromising the volume of blood that enters and leaves the heart an route to the lungs and tissue

Answer 98

Obstructive shock

Question 99

____ shock is heart contraction is ineffective and reduces cardiac output

Answer 99

Cardiogenic shock

Question 100

WhT is the leading cause of cardiogenic shock

Answer 100

MI