Med Term Ch 10 Flashcards
(294 cards)
1
Q
right atrium
A
receives blood returning from the body through the veins
2
Q
right ventricle
A
pumps blood into the lungs
3
Q
left atrium
A
receives blood from the lungs
4
Q
left ventricle
A
pumps blood from heart through the arteries to body tissues
5
Q
atrioventricular valves
A
tricuspid and mitral valves which keep blood flowing in one direction
6
Q
semilunar valves
A
pulmonary and aortic valves
7
Q
pericardium
A
2-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer
8
Q
epicardium
A
outer lining covering the heart
9
Q
myocardium
A
middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart
10
Q
endocardium
A
inner lining of the heart
11
Q
blood vessels
A
tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
12
Q
arteries
A
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
13
Q
pulmonary artery
A
carry carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs
14
Q
arterioles
A
smallest arteries
15
Q
aorta
A
largest artery in the body which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch, then descends through thorax and abdomen
16
Q
veins
A
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
17
Q
pulmonary veins
A
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
18
Q
venules
A
smallest veins
19
Q
venae cavae
A
largest veins in the body
20
Q
inferior vena cava
A
carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm
21
Q
superior vena cava
A
returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body
22
Q
capillaries
A
microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules
23
Q
blood
A
fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
24
Q
plasma
A
clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended, plasma is approximately 90% water, 10% composed of solutes which include proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins
25
serum
clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed
26
cells (formed elements)
production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, spongy tissue inside some bones
27
erythrocytes
RBC that carry oxygen
28
leukocytes
white blood cells that combat infections and respond to inflammation
29
thrombocytes
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process
30
lymph
transparent, colorless, tissue fluid, flows in one-way direction toward the heart
31
lymphatic vessels
transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins which then empty into the superior vena cava
32
lymph node
small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue, filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign agents from entering the blood
33
spleen
largest lymphatic organ in the body where blood flows and is cleansed of microorganisms
34
thymus
one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs
important role in the development of the body's immune system
35
angi/o
vessels, blood vessels
36
aort/o
aorta
37
arteri/o
artery/arteries
38
atri/o
atrium
39
cardi/o
heart
40
cyt/o
cell
41
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
42
lymph/o
lymph, lymph tissue
43
lymphaden/o
lymph node
44
my/o
muscle
45
myel/o
bone marrow
46
phleb/o, ven/o
veins
47
plasm/o
plasma
48
splen/o
spleen
49
thym/o
thymus gland
50
valvul/o
valve
51
ventricul/o
ventricle
52
ather/o
yellowish, fatty plaque
53
ech/o
sound
54
electr/o
electricity, electrical activity
55
embol/o
plug
56
erythr/o
red
57
immun/o
immune system
58
isch/o
deficiency, blockage
59
leuk/o
white
60
thromb/o
blood clot
61
brady-
slow
62
endo-, intra-
within
63
pan-
all, total
64
peri-
surrounding (outer)
65
poly-
many, much
66
tachy-
fast, rapid
67
-apheresis
removal
68
-ar, -ic, -ous
pertaining to
69
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
70
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
71
-emia
in the blood
72
-genic
producing, originating, causing
73
-ia
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
74
-ism
state of
75
-lysis
loosening, dissolution, separating
76
-megaly
enlargement
77
-oma
tumor, swelling
78
-sclerosis
hardening
79
-stasis
control, stop, standing
80
-stenosis
constriction, narrowing
81
angioma
tumor composed of blood vessels
82
angiostenosis
narrowing of a blood vessel
83
aortic stenosis
narrowing, pertaining to aorta (aortic valve)
84
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
85
atherosclerosis
hardening of fatty plaque, deposited on the arterial wall
86
bradycardia
condition of slow heart < 60 bpm
87
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
88
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
89
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner (lining) of the heart
90
ischemia
deficiency in blood (flow), caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
91
myocardial ischemia/infarction
deficient flow of blood to the heart muscle caused by vessel constriction commonly due to atherosclerosis
92
myocarditis
inflammation of the muscle of the heart
93
pericarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
94
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
95
polyarteritis
inflammation of many sites in the arteries
96
tachycardia
condition of a rapid heart > 100 bpm
97
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
98
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve of the heart
99
angioplasty
surgical repair of a blood vessel
100
atherectomy
excision of fatty plaque from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter
101
embolectomy
excision of a plug (embolus/clot), usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the plug with it
102
endarterectomy
excision within the artery, excision of plaque from the arterial wall
103
pericardiocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart, usually to relieve cardiac tamponade and/or for diagnostic investigation
104
phlebectomy
excision of a vein
105
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a valve (cardiac or venous)
106
angiography
radiographic imaging of blood vessels
107
angioscopy
visual examination of the inside of a blood vessel
108
aortogram
radiographic image of the aorta
109
arteriogram
radiographic image of an artery
110
venogram
radiographic image of a vein
111
echocardiogram (ECHO)
record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound waves, used to detect valvular heart disease and evaluate heart function
112
electrocardiogram (ECG)
record of the electrical activity of the heart
113
electrocardiography
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
114
atrioventricular (AV)
pertaining to the atrium and ventricles
115
cardiogenic
originating in the heart
116
intravenous (IV)
pertaining to within the vein
117
coronary angiography
invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin, arm, or neck, then advanced into the coronary vessels, contrast media is injected, and images are recorded
best technique for determining percentage of blockage in coronary arteries
118
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
noninvasive procedure that does not require catheterization and uses specialized MR imaging to study vascular structures of the body
no exposure to ionizing radiation
118
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
noninvasive procedure that uses high resolution CT to study vascular structures of the body after injection of IV contrast
119
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
invasive procedure in which an image is taken and stored in the computer, then contrast medium is injected
second image is taken and stored in the computer
computer compares 2 images and subtracts the first image from the second, removing structures not being studied
enables better visualization of arteries
120
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and treatment to minimize heart damage
121
aneurysm
ballooning of the weakened portion of an arterial wall
122
angina pectoris
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
123
arrythmias
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern
124
cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation
125
cardiac tamponade
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
126
coronary artery disease (CAD)
condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally, most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis
127
cor pulmonale
enlargement of the heart's right ventricle due to pulmonary disease
128
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
condition of the thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body, most often occurs in lower extremities
129
fibrillation
rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia
130
atrial fibrillation
atria quiver instead of contracting causing an irregular ventricular response
131
ventricular fibrillation (VF)
heart does not contract and blood flow stops causing a medical emergency that may result in sudden death
132
heart failure (HF)
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen
133
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure, associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart
134
intermittent claudication
condition of pain, tension, and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, then completely resolves when the patient is at rest
caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease
135
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
136
myocardial infarction (MI)
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply
137
peripheral artery disease (PAD) AKA peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery
most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, but occasionally by inflammatory diseases, emboli, or thrombus formation
138
rheumatic heart disease
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by 1+ episodes of rheumatic fever
139
rheumatic fever
inflammatory disease, usually occurring in children and young adults, after upper respiratory tract streptococcal infection
140
varicose veins
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
141
artificial cardiac pacemaker
battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm usually one that is too slow, secondary to an abnormal sinus node
142
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator
device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm
if life-threatening arrhythmias occur, the device delivers and electric shock to convert the arrythmia back to normal rhythm
143
catheter ablation
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms (arrythmias) are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cell
144
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
145
coronary stent
supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery, used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy, used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
146
femoropopliteal bypass
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
147
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) AKA balloon angioplasty
procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where the plaque has formed
when the balloon is inflated, the vessel wall expands allowing blood to flow more freely
148
thrombolytic therapy
injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots
149
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
150
Doppler ultrasound
study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels, used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities
151
sestamibi test
nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after CABG
areas are identified as "cold" spots on images produced
152
single-photon emission computed tomography
nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as Gamma camera rotates around the patient, projections are used by a computer to generate 3D pictures
show function of organs (i.e. coronary artery flow or active/inactive areas of the brain)
153
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus which provides more direct views of the heart structures
154
cardiac catheterization
diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels, used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease
155
exercise stress test
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill
methods - electrocardiography, echocardiography, nuclear medicine scanning
156
chemical stress test
use of drugs to stimulate the stress of physical exercise on the body, used to study cardiac function in patients who are unable to exercise
157
blood pressure
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls
158
systole
cardiac cycle phase which ventricles contract and eject blood
159
diastole
cardiac cycle phase in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood between contractions
160
pulse
contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip
161
sphyngmomanometer
device used for measuring blood pressure
162
C-reactive protein (CRP)
elevated indicates inflammation in the body
163
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
enzyme of the heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis, test is useful in evaluating patients with acute MI
164
lipid profile
test used to evaluate one of the risks of CV disease and monitor therapy
165
troponin
heart muscle enzyme released into the blood ~ 3 hrs after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7-10 days
166
bruit
sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow, frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery
167
hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia
associated with increased risk of CV disease
168
hyperlipidemia
excessive amounts of any types of fats (lipoproteins, triglycerides, cholesterol) in the blood, associated with increased risk of CV disease
169
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure that is above normal
> 130/80 mmHg in adults under 60 yrs old
170
hypotension
blood pressure that is below normal
< 90/60 mmHg in adults under 60 yrs old
171
murmur
unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow
"innocent" or may reflect disease or malformation (i.e. abnormal heart valve)
172
occlusion
closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ
173
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions, may be accompanied by artificial ventilation
174
defibrillation
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
175
vasoconstrictor
agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels
176
vasodilator
agent that expands the diameter of blood vessels
177
cholesterol
compound important in production of sex hormones, steroids, cell membranes, bile acids
produced by body and contained in foods such as animal fats
178
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
type of lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and transports it to the liver to be excreted in the bile
high - protective against development of atherosclerosis
179
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the tissue and deposits it on the walls of the arteries
high - associated with presence of atherosclerosis
180
total cholesterol
measurement of LDL + HDL + VLDL in the blood
181
triglycerides (TG)
form of fat in the blood, synthesized in the liver and used to store energy
182
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
type of lipoprotein that transports most triglycerides in the blood
high - indicates risk for developing coronary artery disease
183
embolism
state of plug, blood clot or foreign material such as air or fat lodged inside a blood vessel
184
embolus
plug, blood clot or foreign material such as air or fat that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in circulation
185
erythrocytopenia AKA anemia
abnormal reduction of RBC
186
hematoma
tumor of blood, collection of blood that has leaked out of broken vessel into the surrounding tissue
187
hemorrhage
excessive flow of blood, bleeding internally/externally
188
leukocytopenia
abnormal reduction of WBC
189
multiple myeloma
tumors of the bone marrow
blood malignancy that most often occurs after 65 yrs old
symptoms - bone pain, infections, weight loss, anemia, fatigue
190
pancytopenia
abnormal reduction of all blood cells
191
thrombocytopenia
abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)
192
thrombosis
abnormal condition of a blood clot
193
thrombus
blood clot, attached to interior wall of artery or vein
194
hemolysis
dissolution of RBC
195
lymphocytosis
increase in number of lymphocytes
196
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
197
plasmapheresis
removal of plasma, formed elements are reinfused into the donor or into another patient who needs blood cells rather than whole blood
198
phlebotomy
incision into a vein
199
thrombolysis
dissolution of blood clot
200
anemia
condition in which there is a reduction in number of RBCs caused by blood loss, decreased production, or increased destruction
201
bleeding disorder
disease which there is an inability to form proper blood clots (i.e. hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, bleeding factor deficiency)
202
hemophilia
inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by deficiency of coagulation factor VIII
203
leukemia
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal WBCs formed in the bone marrow
204
sepsis
systemic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the bloodstream and multiplying
205
septicemia
overwhelming presence of pathogens in blood
206
sickle cell disease
group of inherited RBC disorders where hemoglobin is abnormally shaped and has shorter life cycle
207
thalassemia
inherited bleeding disorder causing reduced production of healthy blood cells and hemoglobin
208
bone marrow aspiration
procedure to obtain sample of liquid portion of the bone marrow, usually from ilium
209
bone marrow biopsy
procedure to obtain a sample of solid portion of the bone marrow
210
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
blood test measures ability of blood to clot by assessing intrinsic blood factors
used to evaluate bleeding disorders (i.e. hemophilia A and B) as well as monitor some types of anticoagulation therapy such as heparin
211
bleeding profile
series of tests that measure the ability of various factors in the blood to form a clot
includes PT/INR, aPTT, thrombin time, PLT, fibrinogen
212
complete blood count with differential (CBC with diff)
laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
213
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes
214
hemoglobin (Hgb)
blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood
215
prothrombin time (PT/INR)
blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing extrinsic blood factors
216
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from a matched donor into a patient with severely diseased or damaged bone marrow
217
peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT)
infusion of stem cells to replace blood cells damaged by disease or treatments
218
apheresis
process in which blood is removed from the patient or a matched donor and spun through a machine to harvest stem cells
219
perfusionist
person who operates the heart-lung machine during surgeries where patient's blood must be oxygenated outside of the body
220
anticoagulant
agent that slows the blood clotting process
221
blood dyscrasia
any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
222
extravasation
escape of blood or other fluid from a vessel into the tissue
223
anemia due to blood loss
acute blood loss anemia as a result of hemorrhage
224
anemia due to decreased production of RBC
IDA, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia
225
iron-deficiency anemia
not enough iron in the body to produce hemoglobin
226
pernicious anemia
ineffective production of RBC due to vitamin B12 deficiency
227
aplastic anemia
bone marrow failure
228
anemia due to increased destruction of RBC
hemolytic anemia - reduced life of blood cells
229
acute leukemia
most common form of cancer in children and adolescents
230
chronic leukemia
gradual disease progression of leukemia, most often occurs in adults
231
lymphocytic leukemia
affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) which form lymph tissue (part of the immune system)
232
myelogenous leukemia
affects myeloid cells - form RBC, WBC, PLT
233
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
most common type of leukemia in young children
234
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
most common acute leukemia in adults
235
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
most common chronic adult leukemia, patient may feel well for years without needing treatment
236
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
occurs mostly in older adults
237
lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
238
lymphadenopathy
disease of the lymph nodes, characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes associated with an infection or malignancy
239
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymph vessels
240
lymphoma
tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)
241
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
242
thymoma
tumor of the thymus gland
243
splenectomy
excision of the spleen
244
splenorrhaphy
suturing, repairing of the spleen
245
thymectomy
excision of the thymus gland
246
lymphangiography
radiographic imaging of lymph vessels
247
infectious mononucleosis
acute infection caused by EBV characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, fever - disease affects mostly young people, often transmitted by saliva
248
lymphedema
swelling of tissue, usually of one arm or leg, caused by faulty lymphatic drainage
249
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
advanced, chronic immune system suppression caused by HIV infection, manifested by opportunistic infections (i.e. candidiasis and tuberculosis), neurological disease (peripheral neuropathy and cognitive motor impairment), secondary neoplasm (Kaposi sarcoma)
250
allergy
hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in inflammatory immune response
251
anaphylaxis
exaggerated reaction to previously encountered antigen (i.e. bee venom, peanuts, latex), symptoms may initially be mild (i.e. hives, sneezing), anaphylaxis can quickly become severe
252
anaphylactic shock
drop in blood pressure and blockage of the airway
253
autoimmune disease
disease caused by the body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissues
254
immunodeficiency
disorder caused by inability to produce an adequate immune response due to a lack of functioning antibodies, lymphocytes, or both
255
opportunistic infections
illness caused by microorganisms that are not usually pathogenic but result in disease because of weakened immune system
256
sarcoidosis
disease in which clumps of inflammatory cells form in 1+ organs of the body, frequently the lungs and lymph nodes, thought to be caused by an overreaction of the immune system to an unknown substance
257
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
blood test that determines the amount of time it takes for RBC to settle to the bottom of a tube
faster than normal - inflammation
258
allergen
environmental substance capable of producing a hypersensitivity reaction in the body
common - house dust, pollen, animal dander, various foods
259
hypersensitivity
condition in which the body "overreacts" to something which it perceives to be a foreign substance
260
antibody
protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen)
261
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body
examples - transplant tissue, toxins, and infectious organisms
262
immunity
resistant to specific invading pathogens
263
immunosuppression
state in which the body's ability to fight infections or disease is reduced, may be caused by disease process, be a treatment side effect, or induced with pharmaceuticals to prevent transplant rejection, treat autoimmune disease
264
vaccine
suspension of weakened or killed microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray which induces immunity to prevent an infectious disease
265
acute coronary syndrome
ACS
266
atrial fibrillation
AFib
267
coronary artery disease
CAD
268
deep vein thrombosis
DVT
269
heart failure
HF
270
hypertensive heart disease
HHD
271
myocardial infarction
MI
272
peripheral artery disease
PAD
273
hypertension
HTN
274
activated partial thromboplastin time
aPTT
275
blood pressure
BP
276
complete blood count with differential
CBC with diff
277
C-reactive protein
CRP
278
creatine phosphokinase
CPK
279
digital subtraction angiography
DSA
280
electrocardiogram
ECG, EKG
281
echocardiogram
ECHO
282
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESR
283
hematocrit
Hct
284
hemoglobin
Hgb
285
prothrombin time
PT
286
single-photon emission computed tomography
SPECT
287
transesophageal echocardiogram
TEE
288
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator
AICD
289
bone marrow transplant
BMT
290
coronary artery bypass graft
CABG
291
cardiopulmonary recuscitation
CPR
292
peripheral blood stem cell transplant
PBSCT
293
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTCA
