Medecine

Question 1

What were the supernatural explanations of disease were there in the Middle Ages?

Answer 1

Miasma

God sent disease

Question 2

What rational explanations of disease were there in the Middle Ages?

Answer 2

The 4 humours

Theory of opposites

Question 3

What were galen’s main ideas?

Answer 3

Theory of the opposites

Pigs and apes have the same anatomy as humans

Question 4

What were Hippocrates main ideas?

Answer 4

4 humours

Clinical observation

Question 5

How was disease prevented in the Middle Ages?

Answer 5

Quarantine

Mass graves

Prayer

Diet and exersice

Question 6

How was disease treated in the Middle Ages?

Answer 6

Blood letting

Purging

Prayer

Herbal remedies

Question 7

How did hospitals treat people in the Middle Ages?

Answer 7

Beds face towards crucifix

Prayer

Admissions to travellers

Didn’t take in sick( believed you sinned)

Question 8

How was disease treated in the community (poor) in the Middle Ages?

Answer 8

Apothecaries

Physicians

Wise women

Question 9

How was the Black Death treated

Answer 9

Blood letting

Purging

Lancing beuboles

Question 10

How was the Black Death prevented?

Answer 10

Quarantine

Plague pits

Flagellation

Question 11

What ideas about disease from the Middle Ages continued in the renaissance?

Answer 11

Miasma

God sent disease

4 Humours

Theory of Opposites

Question 12

What new ideas in the renaissance were put forward by Thomas Sydenham?

Answer 12

Don’t rely on 4 humours (he studied malaria)

Different diseases have different causes

Importance of classifying the importance of disease

Observations Medicae book

Question 13

How did the printing press help medicine in the renaissance?

Answer 13

Communicated ideas more widely

Weakened control of church

Spread new medical books (Fabrics)

Question 14

How did the Royal Society help medicine? (Renaissance)

Answer 14

Protected scientists And doctors from church

Royal charter

Encouraged new scientific ideas

Question 15

How did Vesalius change medical training? ( Renaissance)

Answer 15

Public live dissections

Questioned Galen

Weakened Galen’s influence

Proved over 200 mistakes of Galen

Question 16

How did William Harvey improve ideas about anatomy in the renaissance?

Answer 16

Discovered Blood circulation

Discovered role of valves

Proved Galens ideas about blood were wrong (blood produced in liver)

Question 17

Why were the ideas of Versailles and Harvey of only limited use?

Answer 17

Applied Anatomy not the cause of disease.

Offered no new treatments

Question 18

Where new ideas were used to prevent and treat the plague in 1665?

Answer 18

Killing cats and dogs

Bills of mortality (list of dead people)

Sweeping the streets

Question 19

What ideas were still being used from the Middle Ages to prevent and Treat the Black Death?

Answer 19

Quarantine

Mass graves

Popping beubules

Question 20

What were Pasteurs new ideas about disease? (1700-1900)

Answer 20

Germs caused decay

Germs could be killed if heated

Proved spontaneous generation wrong (germs came from within)

Question 21

What were Kocks new ideas about disease? (1700-1900)

Answer 21

Germs causes disease (anthrax)

Dyes to study germs

Petri dishes to grow germs

Question 22

How did nightingale change nursing and hospitals?

Answer 22

Wage (used to get paid in Gin)

Sanitation in hospitals

They now had training (nightingale school for nursing)

Nightingale believed in Miasma

Question 23

How did anaesthetics (chloroform) and antiseptics (carbolic acid) change surgery 1840s?

Answer 23

Chloroform- gives greater control for surgeon
Less pain for patient
However a longer operation meant for more chance for infection

Antiseptics- Less infection
Made longer operations safer
However it was painful to use

Question 24

How did Jenners work improve the prevention of smallpox? (1700-1900)

Answer 24

First ever vaccine
It was very successful
Saved 1000s of lives

Question 25

Why were Jenner’s ideas not more successful?

Answer 25

He didn’t have a reason for why it worked He was a country doctor

Question 26

How did Pasteur develop Jenners ideas?

Answer 26

Explained why vaccine worked (weakened form) Developed further vaccines

Question 27

How did snow improve the understanding of cholera? 1840s

Answer 27

Proved it came from dirty water Made govt aware Importance of street pumps

Question 28

Why was there opposition to snows attitudes?

Answer 28

The cost to fix Laissez faire attitudes (lack of care for poor)

Question 29

Why was the great stink important? (1856)

Answer 29

Proved to rich that sewage and cholera were big problems Persuaded government to employ bazalgette.

Question 30

What actions to stop cholera were eventually taken by the government?

Answer 30

Paid bazalgette to build sewer system 1875 public health act

Question 31

What impact did the discovery of DNA (1953) have on disease prevention?

Answer 31

Proved some diseases were inherited Human genome project Improvement in diagnosis and treatments

Question 32

How has technology improved diagnosis of disease?

Answer 32

X-rays- identifying and removing shrapnel CT-scans- 3D images of cancerous Tumors Blood and urine tests- identifying early signs of disease

Question 33

How has the NHS (1948) improved treatment and care?

Answer 33

Increased number of hospitals Free access to treatment Better access to x-rays technology etc

Question 34

How has the NHS improved disease prevention

Answer 34

Promotes healthy lifestyles Free checkups Vaccines for children

Question 35

How has technology improved surgery?

Answer 35

Key hole surgery (cameras) Robotic surgery (reduces trauma and recovery time)

Question 36

How has government action helped to improve disease prevention?(Modern)

Answer 36

NHS Lifestyle campaigns Free vaccines for children

Question 37

Why was Fleming important?

Answer 37

Discovered penicillium Proved it caused minor infections Recorded work in lancet

Question 38

Why were Florey and chain important?

Answer 38

Developed penicillin Tested on mice and humans Mass produced in USA making it more available to wider public

Question 39

How has science and technology improved the treatment of lung cancer

Answer 39

CT scans Chemo Radio therapy

Question 40

How has government action reduced the spread of lung cancer

Answer 40

Banning smoking in public places Change to packaging Hard hitting adverts