Media

Question 1

How is crime a major theme in popular culture?

2

Answer 1

Crime & violence are central features in many media products.

Media news is full of stories about crime & deviance.

Question 2

What is an example of a media product ‘promoting’ crime?

Answer 2

Crimewatch

Question 3

What have Hayward & Young (2012) argued advertisers have used images of crime and deviance for?

Answer 3

Tools for selling products.

Question 4

What do Hayward & Young (2012) argue crime exists for?

Answer 4

Feeding the media; making it deliberately exciting to encourage it so there is more to report on.

Question 5

How do Hayward & Young (2012) argue there is a distorted image of crime in media?

(6)

Answer 5

Overrepresent violent & sexual crime
Portrays victims as older & middle-class
Exaggerates police success
Exaggerates the risk of victimisation
Crime is reported as a series of separate events
Overplays extraordinary crime

Question 6

Hayward & Young (2012) argue there is a distorted image of crime in media.
One of the ways this is evident is through the OVERREPRESENTATION OF VIOLENT & SEXUAL CRIME.
Give an example of this.

Answer 6

Surge in Netflix true-crime docs has been primarily focused on violent & sexual crimes like ‘Night Stalker’ about Richard Ramirez.

Question 7

Hayward & Young (2012) argue there is a distorted image of crime in media.
One of the ways this is evident is through the EXAGGERATING THE RISK OF VICTIMISATION.
Give an example of this.

Answer 7

The number of true-crime docs emerged, particularly on popular platforms like Netflix, has exaggerated the extent of crimes, making people anxious.

Question 8

News is a social construction.

What is it the outcome of?

Answer 8

A social process in which some stories are selected while others are rejected.

Question 9

According to Cohen & Young (1973), how is crime not discovered, but manufactured?

Answer 9

News values.

Question 10

What are 3 examples of news values?

Answer 10

Violence, risk and dramatisation

Question 11

What are ‘news values’?

Answer 11

Criteria journalists & editors use to decide if a story is newsworthy enough.

Question 12

According to Greer and Reiner (2012), what are the media always seeking?
How do they exploit this?

Answer 12

Newsworthy stories of crime & deviance

Over-reporting & sensationalising crimes, creating a false reality.

Question 13

What does Jewkes (2011) suggest news values guide?

Answer 13

Choices writers make when deciding what stories are newsworthy to report & what they leave out.

Question 14

What does Greer (2005) suggest news values explain?

Answer 14

Why mainstream media exaggerates the extent of violent crime.

Question 15

The Backwards Law - what have surveys shown?

Answer 15

Majority of people base their knowledge of crime & CJS on media, not direct experience.

Question 16

The Backwards Law - surveys have shown many people base their knowledge of crime/the CJS on media, not direct experience.
What does Surette (2011) suggest?

Answer 16

There is a ‘backwards law’.

Question 17

The Backwards Law - Surette (2011) suggests there is a ‘backwards law’.
What is this?

Answer 17

The way media constructs images of crime & justice creates a backwards version of reality.

Question 18

The Backwards Law - Greer and Reiner (2012) suggest ways the media can change and misrepresent reality.
What are examples of this?

(5)

Answer 18

Exaggerate certain crimes
Portray property crime as more serious
Exaggerate police effectiveness
Exaggerate victimisation
Analysing individual incidents of crime

Question 19

The Backwards Law - what do Greer and Reiner (2012) suggest the media can do to reality?

Answer 19

Change and misrepresent it.

Question 20

Marxists - why don’t we often hear about crimes of the rich, such as politicians exploiting the tax system?

Answer 20

Sections of society are hidden from public view as they have wealth to fund news stories in their interest.

Question 21

Marxists - what kind of theory is the marxist viewpoint?

Answer 21

Structural

Question 22

Left realists - how is crime constructed?

Answer 22

To be exciting, so it’s a social construction, disguising reality.

Question 23

Left realists - what kind of theory is the left realist viewpoint?

Answer 23

Non-structural

Question 24

Postmodernism - what is the name of the main Postmodernist theory by Baudrillard?

Answer 24

The hyperreality of crime

Question 25

Postmodernism - what is the hyperreality of crime theory by Baudrillard? (2)

Answer 25

Media socially constructs a distorted view of crime & exaggerates risk of victimisation. Doesn’t reflect but creates reality; without media reportage, no one would commit it.

Question 26

Postmodernism - media doesn't _______ crime, but ______ it.

Answer 26

a) report | b) create

Question 27

Postmodernism - how is Baudrillard's argument evident?

Answer 27

In England & Wales, crime was falling between 1995-2010, but most people thought it was going up because it’s representation in the media.

Question 28

How can the media cause crime and deviance? | 7

Answer 28

Imitation - deviant role models Arousal - viewing violent/sexual imagery Desensitisation - repeated viewing of violence Transmitting knowledge of criminal techniques A target for crime eg TV theft Stimulating desires for unaffordable goods through advertising Glamourising offending

Question 29

What is evidence of ideas/concepts being transmitted through viewing it over an extended period of time (as the media does with crime/deviance)?

Answer 29

Bobo Doll study - children were shown a person beating a doll that cannot fall other. They then beat the doll themselves aggressively.

Question 30

Greer and Reiner (2012) stated the media can cause crime and deviance because _____ stories of ______/______ crime can _____ the popular _________ as it _____ possibilities for a '________' of crime and deviance by _________ them to _______ audience _______.

Answer 30

a) real b) sexual/violent c) excites d) imagination e) exploits f) 'good story' g) dramatising h) generate i) interest

Question 31

Lea and Young (Left Realists) said the media can cause crime and deviance because media ________ of crime _______ the ______ that both ________ and ______ are mainly _________.

Answer 31

a) reporting b) disguises c) reality d) offenders and victims e) working-class

Question 32

Hayward and Young (2012) said the media can cause crime and deviance because ________ make ______ of crime and deviance into _____ for _______ products, ______ in _________ combining ______ of ________ and __________ to ________ criminal ________.

Answer 32

a) advertisers b) images c) tools d) selling e) evident f) video games g) images h) criminality i) designer chic j) glamourise k) lifestyles

Question 33

The labelling and deviancy explanation states the media can cause crime and deviance because the _______ of media ______ can _______ people to ______ and _______ when they may not have _______ done so; the media can _____ or _______ the _______ they _______ (___________) - links to _______.

Answer 33

a) presence b) cameras c) encourage d) act up e) misbehave f) originally g) create h) worsen i) problems j) condemn k) deviancy amplification l) moral panic

Question 34

Define deviancy amplification.

Answer 34

The media can create or worsen the problems they condemn.

Question 35

Define moral panics.

Answer 35

An exaggerated overreaction by society to a perceived problem - usually driven by the media - where the reaction pushes the problem out of proportion.

Question 36

What is an example of moral panics?

Answer 36

Mods & rockers in the 1960s; known for fighting each other and posing threats to the public, being demonised by the media.

Question 37

What did Cohen - Folk Devils and Moral Panics outline about the media and its impact on moral panics?

Answer 37

Helps define subcultures & the more it's reported, the more people become aggravated about it.

Question 38

What is 'Folk Devil' (Cohen)?

Answer 38

People demonised in the media.

Question 39

McRobbie and Thornton (1995) - ______ ______ aren't ________ today to understanding _____. New media __________, ____ news and __________ between media ___________ etc have changed the _________ of, and _______ to, events that may have once caused moral panic due to _____ amounts of different __________.

Answer 39

a) moral panics b) relevant c) crime d) technology e) 24/7 f) competition g) organisations h) reporting i) reaction j) mass k) narratives

Question 40

What is the pluralist & postmodernist view on moral panic? | diversity, difficult, newsworthy

Answer 40

There's now huge diversity of media reports, interpretations of events, opinions and reactions where people are more likely to be sceptical. It’s therefore more difficult for the media to define events in a way that creates moral panic. News is updated and reported on minute-by-minute so most criminal events now have such a short shelf-life that they’re not newsworthy for long enough to become moral panic.

Question 41

What is Steve Hall's (2012) critical view on moral panic? | 3

Answer 41

Media sensationalises specific crimes but overstates the CJS capacity to solve them so any public concern is relaxed. There are rational concerns about real crimes, particularly in disadvantaged communities, that produces real and distressing harm to all sorts of victims - those who dismiss this as moral panic deny people’s anxieties. Moral panics = zombie concept.