Media and conflict terms and concepts

Question 1

“Unity and brotherhood”

Answer 1

Message spread by Tito in order to prevent nationalism by Yugoslavian republics

Question 2

1967 War

Answer 2

Six day war in which Israel fought off Arab countries and gained more land, tripling its territory, 400,000 more refugees (300,000 Palestinians and 100,000 Syrians)

Question 3

Agenda setting

Answer 3

Cues via the media to determine what is important → what to think about

Question 4

Al Jazeera effect

Answer 4

Project of Qatar to remake the world via international broadcasting – create a pan-Arab identity rather than individual identities with affiliate states

Question 5

Appraisal theory of emotions

Answer 5

Idea that our appraisal (evaluation) of information causes an emotional response that is based on the stimulus

Question 6

Arafat

Answer 6

Palestinian leader that won a Nobel peace for his work alongside Rabin (President of Israel) in the Oslo accords – the implementation of Palestinian rule in portions of the West Bank and Gaza strip and the removal of Israeli settlements in these areas

Question 7

Balfour Declaration

Answer 7

Post WWI - Authored by the UK’s foreign secretary, this declared a home for Jews in Palestine but without violating civil or religious rights of non-Jews in Palestine

Question 8

Bill Clinton

Answer 8

In 1995, Clinton visited Belfast and shook hands with Gerry Adams and appointed Senator George Mitchell to head the peace process in Ireland. Also involved in the attempted peace process in Israel-Palestine in 1993.

Question 9

Blame Frame

Answer 9

Frame that creates the idea of us vs. them, devaluation of the other and distancing or shunning of them based on the idea that “they” are to blame. Precursor to hate frame and genocidal frame. Used by the media to portray a situation or particular group in a certain way in order to create or perpetuate conflict

Question 10

Blanket protest

Answer 10

Protest begun on 14 September 1976 by a prisoner named Kieran Nugent who refused to wear the uniform of the common prisoner as he wanted to be seen as a political prisoner, the British government refused to recognise him as one. Sands chose to wear only a blanket instead. The IRA and INLA followed suit in protest of their treatment

Question 11

Bosniaks

Answer 11

Muslims in Bosnia – were stereotyped by Serbians as terrorists due to their history of affiliation of mujahideen (a Muslim extremist group that fought on the side of the Bosniaks during the Bosnian war) – use of Hate Frame on the part of the Serbians

Question 12

Bosnia

Answer 12

Republic in Yugoslavia where Croats, Serbians and Bosniaks coexisted with intermarriage, mixed race children, very little discontent until the death of Yugoslavian President Josef Tito in 1980 and the Kosovo conflict

Question 13

Chetniks

Answer 13

Members of a Serbian nationalist guerrilla force that formed during World War II to resist the Axis invaders and Croatian collaborators but that primarily fought a civil war against the Yugoslav communist guerrillas, the Partisans.

Question 14

Clicktivism

Answer 14

The use of social media and other online methods to promote a cause – low cost, low commitment, short attention span and “shelf life” e.g. Kony 2012

Question 15

CNN effect

Answer 15

Idea that the development of 24-hour news has impacted states’ foreign policy and made ordinary citizens more involved in events across the globe, especially wars and humanitarian crises pressuring governments to act on these crises. Jacobsen criticises this, saying that it “misses the point”, shifting the focus from long term, cost effect efforts to short term emergency relief which gets attention and money quickly

Question 16

Conditions for genocide

Answer 16

• Crisis - economic, war, famine, etc
• Malignant leadership
• Communication of prevalent blame/hate frames

Question 17

Conformity

Answer 17

Idea that when people are in groups, they tend to conform in order to avoid ostracism. Leads to groupthink.

Question 18

Croatia

Answer 18

Country in Yugoslavia which had citizens in Bosnia - when Bosnia declared independence, Croatia attempted a land grab in order to “protect their people” in Bosnia

Question 19

Cyberwars

Answer 19

The use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organisation, especially the deliberate attack of communication systems by another state or organisation - move of the battlefield from the physical to new, modern platforms

Question 20

Dirty protest

Answer 20

Carried out by IRA and INLA in protest of the treatment of Irish Republican prisoners. They refused to shower, wash or use toilet facilities, instead smearing faeces over the walls and living in their own filth

Question 21

Edward Heath

Answer 21

Prime Minister of Britain during the “Troubles”, governed during Bloody Sunday and was targeted by the IRA for introducing internment in NI

Question 22

Emotions

Answer 22

Result of appraisal - lead to action tendencies, result of stimulus

Question 23

Emotions as Action Tendencies

Answer 23

Idea that emotions lead to tendency to certain actions associated with specific emotions - these can be stopped by cognitions and are affected by behavioural norms → i.e. emotion of anger leads to action tendency of destruction – in some societies this might be socially acceptable due to the prevalent norms there but not in others due to differing social norms

Question 24

Epistemology

Answer 24

Study of knowledge

Question 25

Ethnocentricity

Answer 25

News norm. Evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture. How "they" impact "us"

Question 26

Eugenics

Answer 26

The "science" of improving a population through controlled breeding to increase the occurrences of desirable heritable characteristics. Used during the holocaust to justify the killing of Jews

Question 27

Framing

Answer 27

Portraying specific circumstances or groups of people in a particular way so as to create and perpetuate a given message

Question 28

Framing biases

Answer 28

- Information misinformation - giving incorrect (or not totally correct) information - Information omission - leaving information our - Information distortion - giving information is a way that places emphasis on certain aspects and ignores others

Question 29

Genocidal Frame

Answer 29

Blame frame (us vs. them, devaluing, focus on conflict, stereotyping) + hate frame (dehumanisation, solution to punish/isolate/control) + grand or noble case and sense of urgency created through "kill or be killed" mindset

Question 30

George Bush

Answer 30

Got media to tow government line and used indexing to spread one message that the government wanted disseminated

Question 31

Gerry Adams

Answer 31

Party President of Sinn Fein, issued statement with Nationalist MP John Hume stating that the people of Ireland had a right to self-determination

Question 32

Group effects

Answer 32

- Identity/identification with certain groups - often created through a sense of what we are not - Demarcation of social boundaries, differentiation from other groups - Intergroup emotions, feeling real emotions for people who we don't know but who are a part of "our" group - Groupthink/conformity - weakening of personal autonomy and critical thinking to meet party line - Adoption of systems, hierarchies and roles

Question 33

Groupthink

Answer 33

Weakening of personal autonomy, independent critical thinking and a tendency to promote the ideas of the group, often stems from loyalty or desire for harmony. Theorised by Irving Janis

Question 34

Hacktivism

Answer 34

Groups using computers to gain unauthorised access to data, those with a political stance believe that all information should be free, distrust authority and promote decentralisation

Question 35

Hard power

Answer 35

Category of power, which relies on dominance and control in order to achieve goals

Question 36

Hate frames

Answer 36

Blame frame (us vs. them, devaluing, stereotyping, focus on conflict) + dehumanisation + anticipation for more crisis caused by "them" → solution is to punish/isolate/control

Question 37

Hezbollah

Answer 37

"Terrorist" group created after Israel's invasion of Lebanon, now more focused on providing government and social services, e.g. schools, hospitals, etc.

Question 38

Hutu

Answer 38

One of the tribes in Rwanda, were originally oppressed by Belgian colonisers who then gave them positions of power in order to try and retain control during the struggle for independence. Extremists Hutu groups were suspected of shooting down the plane carrying the Rwandan and Burundi presidents due to dissatisfaction with the Arusha peace accords. Killed nearly 1 million Tutsi in ~100 days in 1994

Question 39

Identity

Answer 39

Relates to questions like "who are we"? "where do we belong"? "to what groups do we belong"? Identity is socially constructed. Much of what makes us "us" is socially constructed and inherited

Question 40

Imagined communities

Answer 40

Concept theorised by Benedict Anderson who proposes that they differ from real communities as they are not based on day-to-day interactions but rather belonging to a group e.g. nations

Question 41

Intergroup emotions

Answer 41

The phenomenon whereby we feel real emotions for other members of our group

Question 42

International broadcasting

Answer 42

One of the parts of public diplomacy

Question 43

Iraq war

Answer 43

War beginning with the invasion of Iraq by the US in the name of the "war on terror". Example of indexing by media

Question 44

Islamic state (ISIS/ISIL)

Answer 44

“Terrorist” group that makes and uses their own media (and social media) to spread their message through the use of blame and hate frames. Through this, they have attracted 200,000+ Jihadists who believe the narrative that they are creating and spreading

Question 45

Jimmy Carter

Answer 45

US president that brokered the peace agreement “Camp David Accords” where Israel and Egypt signed a peace agreement

Question 46

John Hume

Answer 46

Nationalist MP that met with SF leader Gerry Adams to try and find common ground, they released a joint statement that the people of Ireland have a “right to national self-determination”

Question 47

Joseph Goebbels

Answer 47

Nazi propaganda minister, had control over German media outlets and used these to disseminate messages with simple slogans, emotional appeals, messages he disseminated were ubiquitous and repetitious in order to get them to stick

Question 48

Josip Broz Tito

Answer 48

President of Yugoslavia, was very against nationalism and so created the “unity of brotherhood”, lead the most effective resistance force against the Axis groups. Died in 1980 and left a leadership vacuum

Question 49

Juvenal Habyarimana

Answer 49

Rwandan President whose plane was shot down over the Kigali airport and was the event that sparked the Rwandan genocide

Question 50

Kosovo

Answer 50

Precursor event to the Bosnian war. Was where Milocevich came to power and exhibited this power. Was not a republic in Yugoslavia but the calls for republicanism lead to Milocevich punishing the Albanian population here and said that they were manipulating the population by having a higher birth rate.

Question 51

Krystallnacht

Answer 51

Night two days after the shooting of a german diplomat by a Jewish man where Jewish businesses, homes and synagogues were attacked, with looting, arsons, killings and arrests → 30,000 Jews incarcerated in camps

Question 52

Loyalists

Answer 52

Extremist Unionist group that was willing to use force to combat the Republicans

Question 53

Margaret Thatcher

Answer 53

UK PM during NI conflict, refused to negotiate with "terrorists", "crime is crime is crime"

Question 54

Memory entrepreneur

Answer 54

Person who invokes aspects of history to manipulate how we remember the past, usually for political gain

Question 55

Nakba

Answer 55

1948 Arab-Israeli War

Question 56

Nationalists

Answer 56

One of the two sides in the NI conflict, they want to leave the UK and become a united Ireland, goal is to unite the 6 counties of Northern Ireland (with Britain) with the 26 of the Republic of Ireland

Question 57

Nazi

Answer 57

Member of the Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party - those who believed that he Jewish population should be "exterminated" as they were subhuman, evil, weak and degenerate and that in order to return to the utopian "Great Germany", the Jews must be killed

Question 58

Negative emotions

Answer 58

Hate, anger, fear

Question 59

Nelson Mandela

Answer 59

State leader that tried to help facilitate peace in Burundi

Question 60

News norms

Answer 60

- Focus on drama - Focus on conflict - Fragmented - focus on events with no explanation or context given - Ethnocentric - through lens of what "they" did to "us"

Question 61

Norm entrepreneurs

Answer 61

Term coined by Cass Sunstein to describe those who act to change the norms of society, those who are successful produce change through norm bandwagons and norm cascades

Question 62

Norms

Answer 62

Expectations and beliefs about properness and standards - vary between societies and groups (time and space)

Question 63

PKK

Answer 63

Kurdish separatists

Question 64

Positive emotions

Answer 64

Love, hope, joy

Question 65

Priming

Answer 65

Influence over criteria with which we judge politicians, government, etc. We are "primed" to see things in a certain way

Question 66

Public diplomacy

Answer 66

Form of soft power, communication with foreign publics to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence, use government media, 1) Listening 2) Advocacy 3) Cultural exchange 4) Exchange diplomacy 5) International broadcasting

Question 67

Republicans

Answer 67

Extremist Nationalist group that was willing to use force to combat the Unionists

Question 68

RTLM

Answer 68

Popular radio station in Rwanda that spread messages of hate against the Tutsi through blame, hate and genocidal frames, instructing Hutu to "go to work" and gave advice on how to kill Tutsi

Question 69

Rwandan Patriotic Front

Answer 69

Group of Tutsi refugees that opposed what was happening in Rwanda, were blamed for the shooting down of Habyarimana's plane

Question 70

Serbia

Answer 70

Republic in Yugoslavia, Serbian shot Franz Ferdinand, was said to be a conspiracy. Serbs were slaughtered by Axis powers during WWII, group that was mainly responsible for the genocide in Bosnia - wanted to return to "Greater Serbia" and attempted to do so by killing non-Serb population and raping women in order to create Serbian bloodline

Question 71

Smart power

Answer 71

Theory proposed by Joe Nye, combining elements of both hard and soft power in order to achieve goals

Question 72

Social construction

Answer 72

Theory that knowledge and many aspects of the world around us are not real and exist only because we give them reality through social agreement

Question 73

Social laws

Answer 73

One of Locke's laws - laws of reputation, opinion and fashion. Locke says says that nobody can escape the punishment of censure and dislike for those who offend social laws

Question 74

Soft power

Answer 74

Power that is dependent on bargaining and persuading in order to achieve goals. Discussed in opposition to hard power

Question 75

Spiral of Silence

Answer 75

Idea that people will go silent if they are against a tide of popular public opinion for fear of social isolation, even when they see "plainly that something is wrong". Type of conformity.

Question 76

Syrian Electronic Army

Answer 76

Group of computer hackers who support Assad regime and hack media outlets to broadcast their messages - not malicious and do not steal, merely demonstrate that they could

Question 77

Terrorism

Answer 77

Violence against and by the state, targeting of specific groups to spread political message

Question 78

Tutsi

Answer 78

Tribal group in Rwanda, originally favoured by colonists due to their more European looking features. Nearly a million killed by Hutu in 100 days during 1994 genocide

Question 79

Unionists

Answer 79

One of the side in the NI conflict, want NI to remain part of Great Britain

Question 80

Ustashas

Answer 80

Extreme Croat group that sometimes sided with the Axis powers. Croats in Bosnia were stereotyped as Ustashas

Question 81

Ytzak Rabin

Answer 81

Israeli Prime Minister who won a Nobel Peace Prize for the Oslo accords and was then assassinated by his own people

Question 82

Yugoslav partisans

Answer 82

Group lead by Tito, most effective resistance against Axis powers

Question 83

Yugoslavia

Answer 83

Country in South Europe, established post WWII - 6 republics and 2 provinces. These republics began to declare independence after the death of Tito in the 1980s causing conflict and tensions between the new states

Question 84

Wikileaks

Answer 84

Journalistic organisation which publishes secret, classified information. Created by Julian Assange. Collaborates with traditional media to make information it has hacked public

Question 85

Indexing hypothesis

Answer 85

Media matching their perspective to that of elites (usually govt). E.g. Iraq war

Question 86

Manufacturing consent

Answer 86

Media providing support for elite's preferences through self-censorship

Question 87

Peace journalism

Answer 87

- Shows all sides of conflict - Highlights both conflict resolution and violence - Truth over propaganda - Does not take sides and gives voices to all - Considers causes of conflict

Question 88

War correspondence

Answer 88

- Polarises and escalates - Reports and spreads hatred and revenge to stop "them" - bias towards one side - "Peace enforcement" - peace by warlike means