Media models and representations Flashcards
brief summary (16 cards)
What are media models of effects?
Explanations of how media affects audiences, distinguishing between passive and active roles.
What is the Hypodermic syringe model?
Lassell’s idea that media messages are injected into audiences.
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment and the Jamie Bulger case illustrate this model.
What is the Two-step Flow model?
Katz and Lazarsfeld’s concept of indirect influence from opinion leaders, particularly in US election studies.
It suggests audiences are not very active and is less applicable in the digital age.
What is the Uses and gratifications theory?
McQuail’s theory that media is used to satisfy various needs, with studies showing different age groups use media differently.
It does not explain how media affects views or address ideological effects.
What are Cultural effects in media?
Hall’s idea that media shapes perception with a focus on ideologies, although it is seen as outdated due to increased audience interactivity.
What is the Postmodernist model of media?
Philo’s concept that there are multiple interpretations of media, leading to no underlying reality.
Baudrillard’s idea of hyperreality suggests media is fragmented and overstates its influence.
What are media representations?
How different groups are portrayed in media.
How is social class represented in media?
Working class is often seen as lazy, criminal, and dependent.
Jones argues that TV reinforces negative stereotypes, while GMG found news favors elite perspectives.
How is gender represented in media?
Women are often portrayed as passive while men are dominant.
Cochrane discusses symbolic annihilation in news jobs, and Mulvey points out the male gaze.
How is ethnicity represented in media?
Ethnic minorities are often invisibly or negatively stereotyped.
Hall and Dijk highlight that they are often shown as criminals, though there are more positive roles now.
How is sexuality represented in media?
LGBTQ+ individuals are often absent or misrepresented.
Stonewall found negative stereotypes of gay men, but Gauntlett notes more common representation now.
How is disability represented in media?
Disability is often stereotyped as a focus of pity or tragedy.
Barnes found common stereotypes like villains, while campaigns have raised awareness.
How is age represented in media?
Negative stereotypes exist for both young and elderly individuals.
Heintz-Kowels found teenagers seen as troublemakers, while Cohen discusses moral panics.
What are moral panics?
Public fears exaggerated by media, such as Cohen’s mods and rockers or Hall’s black muggers.
McRobbie and Thornton argue these are less relevant today.
What is ownership and control in media?
Hegemonic Marxism suggests media is manipulated by owners, while pluralists argue there are diverse views.
Miliband notes that media employees often spread dominant ideology.
What is the role of social media in media ownership?
Social media platforms allow individuals to become journalists and own media.
Baudrillard’s hyperreality suggests media is owned by no one.
