MEDIATION

Question 1

It is desirable that the _ variable be uncorrelated with both the predictor and the criterion (DV) to provide a clearly interpretable interaction term.

Answer 1

moderator

Question 2

moderators and predictors are at the same level in regard to their role as _ variables antecedent or exogenous to certain criterion effects.

Answer 2

causal variables

Question 3

mediator-predictor relation where the _ is causally antecedent to the mediator

Answer 3

predictor

Question 4

moderator variables always function as _ variables, whereas mediating events shift roles from effects to
causes, depending on the focus of the analysis.

Answer 4

independent
variables

Question 5

a) variations in levels of the independent variable significantly account for variations in the presumed mediator (Path a)

effect of X on M

b) variations in the mediator significantly account for variations in the dependent variable (Path b)

effect of M on Y

c) when Paths a and b are controlled, a previously significant relation between the independent and dependent variables is no longer significant, with the strongest demonstration of mediation occurring when Path c is zero.

Answer 5

A variable functions as a mediator

Question 6

variations in levels of the independent variable significantly
account for variations in the presumed mediator

Answer 6

Path a

Question 7

variations in the mediator significantly account for variations in
the dependent variable

Answer 7

Path b

Question 8

when Paths a and b are controlled, a previously significant
relation between the independent and dependent variables is no
longer significant, with the strongest demonstration of
mediation occurring when path _ is 0

Answer 8

Path c

Question 9

Questions like these suggest a chain of relations where an antecedent variable affects a mediating variable, which then affects an outcome variable.

Answer 9

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 10

• Will changing social norms about science improve children’s achievement in
science?

Answer 10

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 11

• If an intervention increases secure attachment among young children, do
behavioral problems decrease when the children enter school?

Answer 11

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 12

• Does physical abuse in early childhood lead to deviant processing of social
information that leads to aggressive behavior?

Answer 12

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 13

• Do expectations start a self-fulfilling prophecy that affects behavior?

Answer 13

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 14

• Can changes in cognitive attributions reduce depression?

Answer 14

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 15

• Does trauma affect brain stem activation in a way that inhibits memory?

Answer 15

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 16

• Does secondary rehearsal increase image formation, which increases word
recall?

Answer 16

MEDIATION/Mediating variables form the basis of many questions in psychology

Question 17

implies a situation where the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable can best be
explained using a third mediator variable which is caused by
the independent variable and is itself a cause for the
dependent variable. This answers the question “why?”

Answer 17

Mediation

Question 18

Mediation implies a situation where the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable can best be
explained using a third mediator variable

Answer 18

Mediation

Question 19

which is caused by
the independent variable and is itself a cause for the
dependent variable.

Answer 19

third mediator variable

Question 20

This answers the question “why?”

Answer 20

Mediation

Question 21

X is causing the
mediator M, and M is in turn causing Y.

Answer 21

Mediation

Question 22

The _ is called an intervening or process variable

Answer 22

mediator

Question 23

The causal relationship between X and Y in this case is said to
be _.

Answer 23

indirect

Question 24

the relationships between the independent, the
mediator and the dependent variables can be depicted in form
of a path _

Answer 24

path diagram/model

Question 25

Involves a set of causal hypotheses where an initial variable may influence an outcome variable through a mediating variable.

Answer 25

mediation

Question 26

Also referred to as a causal chain in which one variable [IV] (X) affects a second variable [M] that, in turn, affects an outcome variable [DV] (Y).

Answer 26

mediation

Question 27

A variable may be considered a _ to the extent it carries the influence of a given IV to a given DV

Answer 27

mediator

Question 28

*The IV significantly affects the mediator *The IV significantly affects the DV in the absence of a mediator. * The mediator has a significant unique effect on the DV. * The effect of the IV on the DV shrinks upon the addition of the M to the model.

Answer 28

mediation affects the DV in the absence of a

Question 29

The IV significantly affects the _

Answer 29

mediator

Question 30

The IV significantly affects the _ in the absence of a mediator.

Answer 30

DV

Question 31

The _ has a significant unique effect on the DV.

Answer 31

mediator

Question 32

The effect of the IV on the DV _ upon the addition of the M to the model.

Answer 32

shrinks

Question 33

Each arrow in a path diagram represents a causal relationship between two variables to which a _ or weight is assigned.

Answer 33

coefficient

Question 34

are nothing but the standardized regression coefficients (betas) showing the direction and magnitude of the effect of one variable on the other.

Answer 34

coefficient

Question 35

Moderation and Mediation are used to explore the interrelationships among _ variables

Answer 35

3

Question 36

if you have only 2 variables, do a simple _ or _ regression

Answer 36

correlation or linear regression

Question 37

Having _ variables means that one can examine their various relationships in more complicated ways.

Answer 37

3

Question 38

Mediation and moderation are tests of _, but structured so that particular questions can be answered

Answer 38

tests of association

Question 39

Moderation and Mediation will require a _, _, or _

Answer 39

theory, model or principle

Question 40

Self-esteem (X) will affect academic success (Y) “because of” social support (M).

Answer 40

MEDIATION

Question 41

Instead of using the terms independent and dependent variables, it would make more sense in the context of path models to speak of _ and _ variables.

Answer 41

exogenous and endogenous variables.

Question 42

variables which in the context of the model have no explicit causes. That is to say, they have no arrows pointing to them. (IV)

Answer 42

Exogenous Variables

Question 43

variables which in the context of the model are causally affected by other variables. That is to say, they have arrows pointing to them. (DV)

Answer 43

Endogenous Variables

Question 44

From a regression standpoint, for every _ variable in the regression model should be fitted.

Answer 44

endogenous variable

Question 45

• Continuous Measurements • Normality • Independence • Linearity

Answer 45

Assumptions on Mediation

Question 46

All variables are assumed to be measured on a continuous scale

Answer 46

Continuous Measurements

Question 47

All variables are assumed to follow a Normal distribution

Answer 47

Normality

Question 48

The errors associated with one observation are not correlated with the errors of any other observation

Answer 48

Independence

Question 49

Relationships among the variables are assumed to be linear

Answer 49

Linearity

Question 50

1. Estimate the **direct (path c)** and **indirect or mediation effects {path a x path b}** (thru a series of **regression analysis**) 2. Statistical Inference (test the **significance** of the **indirect effect** just multiply a and b Direct effect = Significance test **(p-value)** Indirect effect = **Bootstrap confidence interval**

Answer 50

sample simple mediation analysis steps

Question 51

• Direct effect = path C • Indirect effect (or mediation effect) = (path a) x (path b) The effects can be estimated using two regression equations. Indirect effect, just multiply a and b

Answer 51

Step 1 sample simple mediation analysis steps

Question 52

• Direct effect = Significance test (p-value) • Indirect effect = Bootstrap confidence interval

Answer 52

Step 2 sample simple mediation analysis steps

Question 53

Direct effect = path _

Answer 53

C

Question 54

Indirect effect (or mediation effect) = (path _) x (path _)

Answer 54

(path a) x (path b)

Question 55

Direct effect = _ test (p-value)

Answer 55

Significance test

Question 56

_ effect = Bootstrap confidence interval

Answer 56

Indirect effect

Question 57

The effects can be estimated using two _ equations.

Answer 57

regression

Question 58

the initial _ variable loses its significance when the mediator is included in the model

Answer 58

IV

Question 59

1. Confirm the significance of the relationship between the initial IV and DV. (X → Y) 2. Confirm the significance of the relationship between the initial IV and the mediator. (X → M) 3. Confirm the significance of relationship between the mediator and the DV in the presence of the IV. (M|X → Y) 4. Confirm the insignificance (or the meaningful reduction in effect) of the relationship between the initial IV and the DV in the presence of the mediator (X|M → Y)

Answer 59

Steps in Testing Mediation

Question 60

significance of the relationship between the initial IV and DV

Answer 60

(X → Y)

Question 61

significance of the relationship between the initial IV and the mediator.

Answer 61

(X → M)

Question 62

significance of relationship between the mediator and the DV in the presence of the IV

Answer 62

(M|X → Y)

Question 63

insignificance or the meaningful reduction in effect) of the relationship between the initial IV and the DV in the presence of the mediator

Answer 63

(X|M → Y)

Question 64

1. Indirect effect 2. Partial mediation 3. Full mediation

Answer 64

3 Main Types of Mediation

Question 65

predicts no direct effect from X to Y

Answer 65

Indirect effect Mediation

Question 66

X has a direct effect on the mediator, and the mediator has a direct effect on Y.

Answer 66

Indirect effect Mediation

Question 67

X is said to have an indirect effect on Y.

Answer 67

Indirect effect Mediation

Question 68

This hypothesis can only be supported if the direct effect of X to Y is insignificant before testing for indirect effects

Answer 68

Indirect effect Mediation

Question 69

predicts significant direct and indirect effects from X to Y

Answer 69

Partial mediation

Question 70

the unmediated relationship is significant as well as the X to the mediator and mediator to Y relationships

Answer 70

Partial mediation

Question 71

predicts that the direct effect of X to Y will be significant only if the mediator is absent

Answer 71

Full mediation

Question 72

When the mediator is present, this direct effect becomes insignificant, while the indirect effect is significant.

Answer 72

Full mediation

Question 73

if the X to the mediator and/or the mediator-to-Y relationships are insignificant, _ mediation is taking

Answer 73

no mediation (Full mediation)

Question 74

_ and _ proposed a four step approach in which several regression analyses are conducted and significance of the coefficients is examined at each step.

Answer 74

Baron and Kenny (1986)

Question 75

Step 1 Conduct a simple regression analysis with X predicting Y to test for path c alone Step 2 Conduct a simple regression analysis with X predicting M to test for path a Step 3 Conduct a simple regression analysis with M predicting Y to test the significance for path b alone Step 4 Conduct a multiple regression analysis with X and M predicting Y

Answer 75

steps in testing for mediation

Question 76

Step 1 Conduct a simple regression analysis with X predicting Y to test for path c alone

Answer 76

Y=B₀+B₁ X+e

Question 77

Step2 Conduct a simple regression analysis with X predicting M to test for path a

Answer 77

M=B₀+B₁ X+e

Question 78

Step 3 Conduct a simple regression analysis with M predicting Y to test the significance for path b alone

Answer 78

Y=B₀+B₁ M+e

Question 79

Step 4 Conduct a multiple regression analysis with X and M predicting Y

Answer 79

Y=B₀+B₁ X+B₂M+e

Question 80

could also be called a direct effect

Answer 80

c'