Medical Flashcards
(416 cards)
1
Q
what type of care is TCCC considered
A
prehospital
2
Q
benefit units that use TCCC have shown
A
decreased preventatble death.
3
Q
developed TCCC
A
COTCC
4
Q
CoTCCC
A
committed on tactical c ombat casualty care course.
reflects the msot up to date trauma literateure, best practices., lessons learned
5
Q
levels of TCCC
A
TCC-ASM: all service members
TCC-CLS- combat lifesaver
TCC-CMC- combat medic/corpsman
TCC-CPP: combat paramedic/provider
- must know what level you are teachign
6
Q
ELO versus TLO
A
enabled/terminal learning objectives
7
Q
skills taught in TCCC-ASM
A
All service members
- rapid assessment
tourniquet
hemostatic/pressure dressingsd
airwayu managemnt
MARCH
8
Q
skills taught in TCCC0CLS
A
combat lifesaver
junctional hemorrhage, NPA, needle D
chest sea
9
Q
steps to run a course
A
formulate learnign plan
determine configurate fo the lcass
select optimal approach for delivery
gather resources to deliver the course
10
Q
medical kit I keep in my car
A
IFAK - individual first aid kit
11
Q
what two things should you know before teaching TCCC to non-medical groups
A
know target audience
know unit mission
12
Q
important thing to remember about who saves lives on the battlefield
A
largely by nonmedical providers
13
Q
goals of TCCC
A
acquire fundamental knowledge
turn knowledge itno performance
attain proficiency in TCCC
14
Q
key to building a good TCCC training
A
interesting/relevant casualty scenarios
15
Q
important thing to remember about hemostatic dressings
A
3 minute pressure
16
Q
common errors when applying tourniquets
A
improper position
not on fast enough
not tight enough
don’t check to see if leeidng stop
don’t makr time on TCCC card and on body
17
Q
TCCC card =
A
DD 1380
18
Q
common errors with hemostatic dressings
A
blind packng and not fighing site of bleeding
don’t just pack the cavity
not deliberately guiding dressings into entire area of wound cavity
not applyign/maining 3min pressure
19
Q
common errors when using BVM
A
not maintaining open airway maneuver
bad seal
hyperventilate
20
Q
common chest seal errors
A
not ID second exit wound
not adequately drying blood aroudn site to achieve appropriate chest seal adhesive
burp if tension pneumo s/s
21
Q
common needle D erros
A
wrong site
inside nipple area
worng size needle
not inserting just over rib at at 90 degree angle to chest wall
22
Q
common erros w/hypothermia
A
assumign it isn’t a problem b/c warm environment
fail to prevent it if burn
23
Q
common erros w/TCCC card
A
assuming someone else will fill it outt
not handing it off
not updating with changes
24
Q
KSA
A
knowledge, skills, and assessmetnq
25
NAMET
natioanl association of emergency medical technicians
26
who has achieved the most lifesaving impact of TCCC
largely achieved by nonmedical personnel
27
function of the heart valves
one directional blood flow. failure - regurgitation backwards flow
28
yr of the first successful heart bypass
1953
29
yr of the first ECMO survivor
1971
first neonatal one was in 1975 for meconium aspiration
30
aka propofol
Diprivan
31
aka prescedexd
dexmedetomidine
32
NE class
alpha adrenergic
33
differences in effect between E and NE
NE = moreso on teh vessels
Epi = more so on teh heart
34
where is the IABP positioned
descending aorta
35
benefits of the IABP
augments heart perfusion
36
when does an IABP increase blood flow
during diastole
- unloads L ventricle during systole
37
contraindication for IABP
aortic diseases, PVD
- okay for VSD or mitral regurg. just can't have aortic dysfunction
38
location of the top of the heart
"base" - 2nd ICS
39
location of the bottom of the heat
"apex" 5th ICS mid clavicular. just above the diaphragm
40
indicator of the heat's position within the htorax
PMI
41
tilt of the heart
L and forward so the right side is in front
42
weight of the heart
7-15 oz
43
how many times does the heart beat in a day
`10K/day
-3 billion times in a life
44
controls the flow of blood within the heart
valves
45
4 main surfaces ohte heart
anterior
posterior
lateral
inferior
46
3 layers of the heart
pericaridum, myocardium, endocardium
47
sac that surrouns/protects the heart
pericardium
48
outer covering of the lung
pleura
49
function of the pericardium
lubricates the heat ot prevent friction from the heartbeat
50
muscualr layer of the heart that causes contractoin
myocardium
51
what is thickness of the heart's myocardium r/t
amount of resistance that it must overcome to pump blood out
52
tricuspid valve
right atrial from right ventricle
53
54
S1 of the heat
AV valves close.
55
aka heart strigns
chordae tendinea. attach to the papillary muscles
56
gets that last bit of blood out of heart
atrial kick = 30%
57
other blood flow when blod to the heat is blocked
collateral circulation
58
what happens when the ventricles of the heart are fileld with blood
pressure in the ventricles incerases and forces open bvalves to enect blood
59
neurotransmitters of the SNS and PNS
SNS = NE
PNS - Ach
60
what happens in teh PNS
rest/digest from AcH
slows HR, decreases spe dof conduction throgh AV
61
electrolyte
substance whose molecules dissociate into charge particles (ions) when in water
- cation = positive charge
anion - negative charge
62
ions inside/out of cells
K - primary ion inside cell
Na - primary outside the cell
* the difference of concentrations of ions inside cells determiens its electrical charge
- Na-K pump helps reestablish resting concentrations of Na-AK afte the heart deplarizes
63
polarization in teh cell
when ions are aligned, this is the resting. no electrical activity is occurring. straight link eon EKG
64
what happens when the cell deplarizes
K leavs/Na enters
- inside the cell becomes positive
- muscle contraction
65
when happens when the cell reporlarizes
na-K pump brings K back in and Na out.
- inside the cell becomes negative again
66
negative/positive inside cell when deplarized/repolarized
depolarized = positive inside cell
repolarized = negative inside cell
67
4 development states post conception
zygote
blastocyte
embryo
fetus
68
abdominal exploratory surgery
laparatomy. abdominal incision
69
surgery on fallopian tubes
salpingostomy/ectomy
70
rx for ectopic pregnancies
methotrexate: chemo agent and immune system suppresion
71
options to treat ectopic pregnancies
methotrexate: chemo agnet
salpingostomy/ectomy
laparatomy
72
rx for abortion
mifepristone (anti progesterone) - blocks progesterone to stop pregnancy
misoprostol: progesting to empty uterus
73
mifepristone
used in abortion to block progesterone to stop pregnacy
- use misprostol to empty uterus
74
misoprostol
second pill in abortoin to empty the uterus
75
One Health
collaborative approach.
multiciplinaryh
state, local, regional...
people, animals, plants, shared environmental
76
what % of bioterrorism originates in animals
80%
77
what type of virus is rabies
lyssavirus
78
how do you get rabies
saliva
79
identify animals with rabies
can't tell which animals have it. not always foaming at the mouth
- don't touch wildlife, feral cats and jobs
80
problem with rabies
can't tell which animals have it (passes in saliva. not always foaming at the mouth)
close to 100% fatal without intervetion
81
how to tell a rooster is sick
swollen and cyanosis in their head
82
problem of bacteria in biofilm form
bacteria in biofilm form might not respond to certain ABX b/c they are not in a stage where ABX works
83
NIMB
not in my backyardp
84
what are pesticides
cholinesterase inhibitors, organophosphate (nerve agents)
- nerve agents that have been diluted enough to affect insects
85
how do you get histoplasmosis?
histoplasmosis = fungi
- rich moist soil grows histoplasmosis. rototilling
86
what is military TB
actually "millet seeds"
- firm white nodules on lungs looking like millet seeds
87
best test for histoplasmosis
fungi in soil that gets uprooted
- urine
88
what causes valley fever
a fungus
89
aka collecting rosks/fossils/minerals
rock hounding
90
rx for fungal infection
Amphoteracin B
flucanozole
91
Domboro soak
Burrow's solution. aqueous solutoin with alumnium
92
cause of leishmaniasis
sandfly
93
cause of river blindness
onchocerciasis
black fly
94
what does the sandfly cause
leishmaniasis
95
psychosis
collection of symptoms that affect the mind. where there's been some loss of contact with reality
- a person's thoughts/perceptions are disrupted and they have difficulty recognizing what is real/not
- untreated, this strains relationships, separation from friends, drupts work/school
96
research for psychosis
EPINET: Early Psychosis Intervention Network
97
EPINET
Early Psychosis Intervention Network
- broad research initiartive aimed to find the best ways to help people experiencing early psychosis
98
what inactivates HIV
HIV is inactivated by soap, alcohol, chlorohexidine
99
when should you start HIV pep
within 2hrs but ideally under 72hrs
100
goal of PEP
to suppress the viral replication
101
SE of vaccines
pain, redness, swelling at the injection site, low grade fever, fatigue
102
Twinrix
vaccine Hep A and B
103
Typhoid vaccine
oral version = one capsule on day 0, 2, 4, 6
104
what is Yellow Fever
a RNA virus from genus flavivirus
105
host of measles
humans are the only natural host of measles
- person to person droplets
106
effectiveness of the measles vaccien
dose at 9m = 85% effective
2 doses after 2yrs = 97%
107
where is polio endemic
Afghanistan and Pakistan
108
vaccine for cholera
drinkable packet
109
where isn't malaria transmitted
malaria doesn't transmit above 18K ft
110
prophylaxis abx for traveler's diarrhea
don't need prophylaxis abx for traveler's diarrhea
111
Pepto SE
dark stools
112
rx for traveler's diarrhea
could use pepto
causes dark stools
113
NTD
neglected tropical diseass
114
intervention if rabies bite
soap and water.
115
aka monkeypox
MPOX
116
distinguishing feature of monkeypox
lymphademopathy
117
EMAC
emergency management assistance compact
- mutual aid agreement among states/territories of US
- enables states to share resources during natural/man made disasters
118
cat scratch fever
bartonella
papule/pustule
ipsilateral lympathedomapty
119
tropical diseas in teh Andes
Tropical batonellosis
120
only bacteria that infects human RBC and causes illness
bartonevirus
121
rx for rickettsia
doxy
122
reservoir for scab typhus
mites
123
typhus rash
spares face, palms, soles
- treat w/doxy
124
grooves on my thumbs
beau's lines
125
stronglyoidiasis
human parasiticdisease from roundworms
126
characteristic of Q fever
donut granuloma
127
donut granuloma
characteristic fo Q fever
128
action to decrease risk of heat stroke
acclimitaization
129
ciguatera
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), also known as ciguatera, is a foodborne illness caused by eating reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins.[4][2] Such individual fish are said to be ciguatoxic. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, numbness, itchiness, sensitivity to hot and cold, dizziness, and weakness.[1][2] The onset of symptoms varies with the amount of toxin eaten. If a lot of toxins are consumed symptoms may appear within half an hour. If a low amount of toxins are consumed symptoms make take a few days to appear.[3] Diarrhea may last up to four days.[1] Symptoms may last a few weeks to a few months.[3] Heart problems such as slow heart rate and low blood pressure may occur.[2]
130
splooting aka heat dumping
- animals lie down spread eagle and spread out hind legs to decrease body heat
- squirrels, dogs...
131
African Swine Flu
fever w/o impact to human health
132
top 2 causes of preventable blindness worldwide
refractive error
cataracts
133
molluscum contagiosum
viral skin infection that causes umbilicated papules - small round bumps with a central pit
134
aka swelling
tumefaction
135
tumefaction
to become swollen
136
albumin
a protein that helps maintain fluid in interstitial spaces
137
exampls of colloids
albumin, hetastarch, dextramp
138
outcomes of pelvic fracture
massive bleeding
retroperitoneal space
hypo shock
139
consideration of permissive hypotension
balance BP with IVF
140
where do colloids move fluid
collids move fluid from interstitial/intracellular space into intravasuclar. volume expander but dont' transport oxygenp
141
problem of collois
yes they volume expand but they don't transmit oxygen
142
pediatric IVF
20ml/kg
143
electrolytes
substances that separate into charged ions when dissolved in a solution
144
crystalloid of choice for shock
LR b/c compositoin is the most similar to electrolyte composition if bleeding
Na K Ca Cl lactate
145
problem of giving a lot of NS
increased chloride
146
what could development of low BP mean
could mean that the earlier s/s of shock were missed
147
brain injuries and BP
brain injuries don't cause low BP until brain herniates
SO
brain inuury and low BP should nto assume the head injury is the cause of hypovolemic shock. you should look for other injuries
UNLESS
babies under 6m b/c they can bleed enough int the head to produce hypovolemia shock b/c open sutures can spred apart and accommodate a large amount of blood
148
where does blood in a pelvic fracture go
retropertioneal
149
steps in shock
control severe bleeding
adequate airway and ventilation
continue external bleeding/internal
transfer to definitive care w/blood an dIVF
150
confounding factors in shock
age/neonate/elder have decreased ability com compensate
athletes have a resting HR of 40-50 so HR of shock could be 100-120
pregnancy increases blood volume by up to 50% so HR/CO incrase might mask shock until catagory 3-4 shock
- placenta is the msot adversaely affected by vasoC so the fetus is at risk
Rx like CaChB or BB may keep a person from developing the high HR signs to compensate for shock stees
151
coagulapathy
impairment in normal clotting of the blood
- occurs
152
ARDS
damage to the alveolar cells
- too much IVF can cause fluid leak. so more difficult to perfuse
- causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
153
what happens to the kidneys when they don't get oxygen
kidney cells die
over 45min = acute tubular necorsis
154
what happens when you have decreased renal output
can't clear toxins , retains fluid b/c can't excrete. increases K and m. acidosis
155
blood clotting when cold
blood clotting decreases in cold temperatures which worsens bleeding
156
use ABG
to test oxygenation and ventilation
157
who benefits from ABG
rx that impact LOC on impact ventilation drive and oxygen
158
important to do before ABG
Allen test to see if the ulnar artery is providing collateral circulation just in case there is a problem with the radial site
159
normal bicarb
22-26
160
respiratory indicator
PaCo2
161
metabolic indicator
HCO3
162
chemical formulat for bicarbonate
HCo3n
163
normal PaO2 at sea level
80-100 mm hg
164
problem with anaerobic metabolism
rquires x20 amount of fuel to produce same energy as aerobic
- produces lactic acid as a byproduct
165
what do all metabolic functions need
aerobic metabolism
166
what does PaO2 create
PaO2 creates the gradient for O2 diffusion from the alveoli into the blood and to the tissues
167
pH's range incompatible with life
over 7.8
below 6.8
168
what does pH represent
hydrogen ions (acid) conductoin
169
acid-base balance in medication injestion
methanol, salicylates, ethylene glycol = m. acidosis
170
acid base balance in severe diarrhea
loss of pH b/c excessive loss of sodium bicarb. so m. acidosisho
171
how do the kidneys respond to A-B imbalance
retaining/eliminating bicarbonate
lungs increases/decrease ventilation
172
A-B balance of COPD
chronic elevated Co2
173
problem of pH imbalance if critically ill
vasoactive rx can't work if abnormal pH
174
what is oxygen considered...
a drug even though it is in the atmosphere (pros/cons)
175
L/Min of oxygen via oxygen mask
NC at 1L/min = 24% Ox. then add 4% per each additional L
176
simple face mask L/min
6-10L/min
177
contraindications for CPAP/BiPAP/PPV
apnea, somnolence, can't clear secretions, risk of aspiration, hemodynamically unstable, can't protect airway
178
effect of CPAP
decrease alvolar dead space
incerase intrapulmonary shunting by opening the alveoli
decrease atelectasis
decrese WOB
179
what happens in BiPAP
inspiration pressure > expiratory pressure
I: open airway, increase t, improve hypercarbia
E: helps increase functional residual capacity, improve hypoxemia by keeping alveoli inflated during expiration
180
secondary pulmonary HTN
ARDS, PE, caridothoracic surgery, L ventricular dysfunction
181
s/s of ARDS
pulmonary insufficiency
SOB, rapid RR, decreasd oxygenation
182
CXR of ARDS
bilateral diffuse infiltrates
183
treat ARDS
intubate
184
outcome of p. HTN
incresaed pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular filling and death
185
pressure in the lungs
lung vasculature is normally a low pressure system. so pulmonary HTN matters
186
dx pulmonary HTN
right heart cath
187
manage pulmonary HTN
increased CO
decreased PAOP
increase QOL
conserve energy
vasoreaction test to see if CaChB would help
watch for r. ventilatory failure
188
rx class that can vasodilate arteries
phosphiinese inhibitors
189
vasculature in hypoxia
potent vasoC
190
using fetal fibronectin
negative = reassuring that you probably won't go into labor within the next two weeks
positive = inconclusive
191
test that will help tell if you are likely to go into labor over the next two weeks
fetal fibronectin
192
trauma
injuries sustained from a sudden application fo force
193
IDC code
Injury Classification of Disease
194
ISS
injury seveity score
195
robot surgery
DaVinci
196
key to resuscitative trauma
analyze forces so you know how to assess/manage
197
force
dose of kinetic energy
198
formula for kinetic energy
KE = mass x velocity squared
divided by 2
OR
force = wt times speed squared
SMALL INCREASE in speed = significant increase inf orce
199
how does deceleration help in trauma
deceleration allows speed to dissapiate so it is the stop not speed that kills
200
newborn blood glucose
over 40
201
intervention if a baby is cold
need blood sugar
202
how to prevent bloating
drinking water.
body retains water when dehydrated
drinking water prevents constipation which is a likely cause of bloating
203
impact of dairy foods
gassy
204
examples of gassy foods
dairy, beans, broccoli, pears, onions, carbonated drinks
205
how does fiber help
helps everyting go through intestines quickly
206
intervention for constipation
exercise
207
what happens if you have sugary foods for breakfast
makes you feel hingry quickly b/c shorte lived sugar highs
208
cardio mistake
you go longer but not faster. average person picks a pace their can maintain for an activity. interval sprints to burn fat
209
endurance running
longer duration, low intsnsity>
impairs strenght an dmuclce growth
210
FITT
frequency, intensity, time, type
for exerciseimport
211
important thing to remember about picking an exercise plan
going through the motions doesn't cause wight loss. its the itnensity of the activity that impats metabolism
212
what does it mean if you are exercising but you don't feel winded
you have the capacity to step itup
213
rest between exercise ina single session
don't dillydally in-between exercise b/c that give sthe heart time to return to normal
214
core strength and diet
people with stronger core get full faster
215
calorie intake to lose 1lb/wk
eat 3500 or less calories
216
do before meals to eat less
drinking water 30min before mals helps you eat fewer calories and lose up to 44$ more weight
217
impact of green tea
green tea has small amount of caffeine and powerful antioxidants call catechines believed to work synergistically with caffein to enhance fat burn
218
problem with refine carbs
refined carbs have been stripped of their nutritious part s(white bread)
219
problems of dieting
causes muscle loss and metabolic slow down
220
benefits of spicy foods
contains capsacian which can boost metabolism
221
how does fiber help weight loss
fiber can increase satiety and help control weight long term
222
benefits of fruits/veggies on diet
fewer calories, rich in fiber, filling
223
single most important nutrient to weight loss
protein
224
benefit of high protein diets during weight loss
boosts metabolism which helps you feel so satified that you eat fewe calories
225
single most fttening aspect of the modern diet
liquid sugar calories
226
problem with alcohol in diets
empty calories
227
fluid of choice for burns
LR
228
foley if genital burns
ok
229
Israeli colelctive communities
kibbutiz
230
concept that kids have a duty to care for their aging parents
filial piety
231
nursing home and medicare
nursing home care isn't covered by medicare unless illnes/sinjury and even then, only covers first 100 days
232
golden handshake
clause in an executive employment contract that provides the executive with a significant severance package in case the exec loses their job through firing, restructing, or even scheduled retirement
233
voluntary late life move made by elders to a place that has community features that are desirable like opportunities,s weather...
amenity move
234
sperm + egg
zygote
235
unspecialized cells
stem cells
236
Bush jr and embroytic stem cell research
2001. Bush jr signed a directive that, with few exceptions, banned US taxpayer money for embryotic stem scell reserch. but this left teh private sector unregulated so private facilities could
237
quote about dying/sleeping men
"a dying man needs to die as a sleeping man needs to sleep. and there coms a time when it is ...
238
study of death/dying
thanatology
239
stages of grief
Kubler-Ross
denial
anger
bargainign
depression
acceptance
240
effect of death on a family
affects roles and relationships of everone
241
asynchrony
lack of coordination between pt respiratory center output and ventilator
- increase oxygen consumption/CO2 production, hemodynamic instability, sedation request, and barotrauma
242
SE of mechanical ventilation
increase shunt/dead space
- decerase CO/renal blood flow
- nosocomial pneumonia
- incerase ICPv
243
volutrauma (m. ventilation)
= lung parenchymal damage caused by m. ventilation
- damage is similar to ARDS
244
what is volutrauma caused by mechanical ventilation similar to
lung parenchymal damage is similar to ARDS
245
physiology of volutrauma caused by m. ventilation
lung parenchymal damage similar to ARDS
- increased permeability of alveolar capillary membrane, development of p. edema, accumulation of neutrophils and proteins, disrupt surfactant production, decreased compliance, develop by aline
246
m. ventilator control variables
= pressure and volume
247
3 breath sequences in m. ventilation
CSV = does not allow mandatory breaths
CMV- no spontaneous breaths between mandatory breaths
IMV - spontaneous breaths allowed within mandatory breaths
248
electrons in R. alkalosis
low K
low ionizing Ca
249
permissive hypercarbia
deliberately to avoid alveolar d
so let PaCO2 be over 50
- even small increases in PaCo2 increase cerebral blood flow. so contraindicated in increased intracranial pressure
- also stimulates ventil so may cause asynchronous
- may cause R Oxygen curve to facilitate offload
250
when is venous return the greatest during PPV
during exhalation
251
urine output if m. ventilation
m. ventilation can decrease urine outpt b/c low COpur
252
purpose of adding humidification to m. ventilation
humidificatio can eliminate insensible water loss
253
aka gastric distension from gas buildup
meteorism
254
ABCE care in m. ventilated patients
Awake
breathing
choice of sedation
delirum
early ambulation
255
loss of taste
ageusia
ah goose ee ah
256
ageusia
loss of taste
ah goose ee ah
257
how to measure pPLAT
measure by applying a 0.5-2 second end inspiratory breath hold
258
when does pulsus paradox occur
moderate to severe asthma
259
physiological effect of nitric oxide
Nitrogen decreases pulmonary pressure
oxygen relaxes capillary smooth muscles
decreased pulmonary pressure (PVR) improves pulmonary b. flow
260
why is fetal PVR increased
bc/ alveoli fill with fluid
261
what happens when the umbilical cord is cut
SVR increases,
ventilation from inital brath expands lungs
PVR is 80% down post delivery
262
newborn closure of the PDA
starts to close soon after birth and finishes within 2 weeks
263
normal closure of the ductus arteriossu
lets blood from teh right ventricle enter the lungs
- closure takes 2 weeks but increased PaO2 and loss of maternal prostaglandins post birth leads to initial closure
264
what happens in acyanotic congenital defects
increased pulmonary blood flow = pink babies
- increased b flow to lungs demages lung tissue/vasculature
leads to fibrosis then causes pulmonary HTN due to icnreased PVR. creased increased heart workload b/c heart muscle pumps against increased heart pressure
more blood to lungs = pulmonary HTN and increased PVR
265
types of acynotic congential heart defects
pink babies = increased pulmonary blood flow
PDA, ASD, VSD, pulmoanry valve stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, coarctation of aorta
LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNT
266
Left to right shunt = congenital heart defect
acyanotic = increased blood flow
267
ductus arteriousus in utero
connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery
- usually spontaneously closes at one year but functional closing soon after birth
SO
inability to functionally close is PDA. duct between aorta and pulmonary artery is open
THUS
some blood from the aorta flows back tot he poulmnary artery via the duct which causes extra poulmonary blodo flow
increased pulmonary blood flow to lung = increased WOB and can lead to damage to the pulmonary artery over time from pulmnary vascualr disease and thick/stiff vasculature
268
acyanotic lesion
over circulation of the pulmonary vasculature so pulmonary vascular changes, fibrosis, pulmonary HTN
269
s/s of PDA
r/t to how big the PDA is in size. b/c that determines the amount of extra blood going to the pulmonary vascular
269
270
s/s of PDA
hepatomegaly
wide PPPstrong easily collapsible pulse
271
IVF if PDA
small b/c overstress heart if too large boluses
(5-10 ml/hr)
272
management of HF
dieuretics and inotrophs to improve CO
273
Atrial Septal Defect
abnormal opening in the atrial septum
size is r/t how much blood returns to the lungs
- if large, 2-3x bloo drecirculates
- enlarged R side of heart
274
CXR of Atrial Septal Defect
CXR often shows cardiomegaly w/increased pulmonary blood flow
275
long term effects of ATrial Septal Defect
enlarged R ventricle
pulmnary vascular vascualr disease
pulmonary HTN
CHF
dys
276
physiology of increased blood flow to the lung
increased work of breathing and can lead to damage to the pulmonary artery over time from pulmonary vascualr disease and thick/stiff vasulature
277
what is ventricular septal defect
holes in the ventricular septum
- single or multiple holes
multiple holes look like swiss cheese
278
when does VSD manifest
often manifest for first 2-4 wks of live b/c PVR still low but pas pulmonary vascular resistance fills the L-R shunting increse3s increased pulmonary blood flow leading pulmony HTN
279
surgery for VSD
banding pulmonary artery to decrease pulmary blood flow is a treatment while waiting for a final treatmetn decision
- flow from left to r ventricle so recirculated into the lungs
280
interventions for VSD
small boluses
inotropes
diuretics'
surgery
281
artrioventricular septal defect
mitral and tricuspid doesn't fully form so leave large opening
282
what does someone with arterioventricular septal defect look like
small stature and failure to thrive
283
what happens in artrioventricular septal defect
increased pulmonary blood flow b/c pulmonary vasculature is a low pressure system. so blood flows mroe easily and large open system leads to pulmnary HTN and pulmonary vascular disease. over time that causes CHF/
284
complication of artrioventricualr septal defect
echo sees the valve and can measure the puolmary artery pressure and degree of AV regurgitation
285
pulmonary valve stenosis
narrow valve between R ventricule and pulmonary
- cause the heart to pump harder can't enough blood through teh narrowed valve - leadign to R ventricle hyeprtrophy b/c heat pumps aginst a restricted valve
286
using PGA for pulmonary valve stenosis
might use pga but short acting so the effects stop quickly after pump stops
- need enough Rx to last teh trip and enough pump b
- SE is apnea so have intubatin stuff
287
SE of PGA (for congenital heart defects)
apnea so have intubation stuff
288
what happens to the heart when the heart's workload increases
L ventricular hypertorphy with increased heart workload
289
physiology of coarctation of the aorta
blood is able to leave left ventricle fine but has hard time crossing the aorta obstruction
-
- if blood can't corss the obstruction the PDA is needed for systemci perfusion
290
congenital heart defect that needs PGE
severe coarctation of hte aorta
- for systemic perfusion. if severe, you'd rely on PGE as PDA closes, try to g
291
BP changes low/high extremities congenital defect
coarctation of the aorta
292
coarctation of aorta symptom manifestation
typically at hospital dc/ post birth but returns to ER 2 weeks later for per perfusion, resp, b/c that's when the PDA closes
293
Boerhaaver's syndrome
sudden increase in intra-luminal esophageal pressure leading to transmural esophogeal perforation
294
tear in the esophagus
Mallory-weiss
295
burning, pins/needle pain, electrical shock pain
neuropathies
296
costochondritis
inflammation of the connective tissue where ribs attach ot hte breastbone (sternum)
297
diabetic reports no pain
no pain r/t neuropathies
298
reproducible chest pain
palpate chest wall
- crepitius and point tenderness could be rib fracture of costochronditis
299
petechial lesions on plams/soles
janeway lesiosn
300
janeway lesions
petechial lesions on palms/soles
301
Roth's spots
routnds spots consisting of coagulation fibrin seen in the retina in a number of diseses
- a vascular insult resulting in hemorrhage followed by
302
costochondritis
inflammation of the connective tissue where the ribs attach to the sternum
303
s/s of bacterial endocarditis
fever
chest discomfort
osler's nodes
janeway lesions
petechial hemorrhage
304
importance when evaluating chest pain
is it reproducibleAb
305
dominal Aortic Aneurysm
true surgical emergency
0- tear pain radiate to the pale, decreased bp, pulsus sensation
306
s/s gastroenteritsi
N/V, cramps, hyepracive BS, colicky pain
307
sausage shaped mass in stomach
intussception
308
s/s of intussception
currant jelly stool
sausage mass
309
suspect pyloric stenosis
olive shaped mass
infant projectile vomiting post feding
visible peristalic wavees in abd
310
s/s of volvus
bilus vomit
bloody stool
visibel peristalic
311
coffee grounds emesis
upper GI bleed
312
vaginal discharge triage Q's
odor
LMP and birth control
sexually active
last BM
urinary habits
313
costovertebral angle
90 degree angle between the 12th rib and the spine
- kidney problems, UTI, stones, other conditions
314
causes of clay olored stool
hepatic problems like cirrhosis, and hepatitis
315
dark tarry stool
upper GI bleed
316
pylenoephritsi
flank pain worse with urinartion
fever
N/V, chills,
317
epididymitis
classic duck waddle gait. walk with thighs spread apart
318
signs associated with epididiymitis
pain decreased when the scrotum is elevated
clasic duck waddle gait - walk w/thighs spread apart
319
action of Beta Blocksers
blocks SNS receptors
320
action of fibrilytics
breaks down clot
321
rx if can't do ACE inhibitors
ARB
322
why do you get a cough if you can't tolerate ACE inhibitors
dry hacking cough b/c ACE inhibits prevent the breakdown of bradykin
323
bradykinin
potent vasoD
324
importance of knowing the time between onset of ischemia and reprofusion
too long = decrease salvage
325
options for reprofusion
PCI si the most effective
CABG
fibrolytics
326
diathesis
unusual susceptibility or predisposition to a given disease
327
left sided anatomy structures
spleen and stomach
328
plane that divides the body into right and left
sagittal plane
329
sagittal plane
divides the body into right an dleft
330
cross-section
in physics, the measure of the probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles
331
greek for disease
pathos
332
names drived from a person's name
eponyms
- example...book robinson cruse is named after its main character
333
smallest stable matter
atoms
334
Visible Human Project
1993
cut into small sections. at 1mm-0.3mm
335
study of early development
embryology
336
hx of understanding how the heart works
anatomy of heart clearly described in the 1500s but took 200 yrs before we could demonstrate the plumping action
337
what process is vital to our body
homeostasis. and maintaining it
- resiliency of the human body is evident by its ability to tolerate a broad range of environmental conditions
338
intrinsic regulation
autoregulatoin
339
wht are hormones
chemical messengers
340
regulation of our internal body temperature
thermoregulation
341
anterior leg
crus
342
ankle
tarsus
343
sole of
planta
344
foot
pes
345
calf
sura
346
hand
manus
347
head
cephalon
348
arm
brachium
349
plain of the body
axis
350
TEAM STEPS
team strategies and tools to enhance performance and pt safety
351
yr of Miracle on the Hudson
2009
155 survivors
352
MMR
maternal mortality rate
353
RTT
rural training track
354
ways to avoid a hysterectomy for service PPH
Jad
bakari
B0lynch
355
"cus" in TEAMSTEPS
I'm concerned
I'm uncomfortable
this is a safety issue
356
talking to your team before/durng/after
briefing - before
huddle - during
debrief - after
357
problem of under 5hr sleep
short term memory loss, retention, cencentration, speed
358
4 mechanisms of heat/energy transfer
conduction
convection
radiatin
evaporation
359
good aspect of hypothermia
neuroprotective but worse outcomes in major trauma
360
futile to defibrillate if vfib
udner 28C
361
temperature when vasocontrcition begins if cold
36C
362
temperature when shivering stops
32C
363
when do you start seeing Osborne waves
31C
364
temperature w/o spontaneous repsirations
24C
365
Osborne J wave
positive deflection after QRS best seen in lateral and inferior leads
- almost alwasyq below 32C
366
EKG if cold
vfib
osborne wave
367
first degree frostbite
superficial edema and hyperemia.
Rewarm
no blistering
368
third degree frostbite
full thickness
hemorrhagic vesciles blood blisters
369
nonfreezing injuries
chillblains, ternchfroots
370
chillblains
red pruritic associate with edema or blisters from repeated expsure to cold but not freezing temperatures
371
do not do if frostbite
don't reub or massage b/c tissue damage
372
treat trench foot
elevate, prevent pressure injury
373
heat stroke
delirum
seizure
hemodynamics...
374
heat injuries
stress-exhaustion...
375
temperature of heat stroke
over 40C
376
temperature of hea exhaustion
37-40C
377
temperature rise in malignant hyperthermia
rise 1C every 5min.
can get as high of 45C
Co2
muscle rigidity
378
cause of malignant hypethermia
succ or general -ane....
mscle can't ...CVa
379
treat malignant hyperthermia
dantrolene
380
susceptibel to malignant hyperthemia test
caffeine-halothane
381
EMS reprot
MIST
382
goal of the trauma system
match needs of injured patient to resources avaialble so optimal and cost effective care is received
383
COT
American Colelge of Surgeon Committee on Trauma
384
stats of Level I or 2 Trauma
1200 admits/yr
OR
verage of 35 major truma pt pers surgeon
385
difference between Level 1-2 Trauma and Below 3
below Level 3 have no volume and research standards
Level 1-2: 120 admits/yr, 240 major trauma pts per year, or average fo 35 major trauma pts per surgeon
386
Level 2 Truma Center staffing
ANES must be in OR at the time the pt arrives
- Neuro/Trauma surgeon can be out of the hospital but must be there in under 20 min
387
staffing needs of Level 3 trauma
trauma surgeon/'anes mustbe available in under 20 min
- mo neuro coverage
388
Level 4 trauma center staffing requests
ATLS. no inouse request but must have in-house nurses
389
CRTS
casualty and treatmetn ships
390
EMEDS
Expeditionary Medical SupportMFSTmobile field support surgical team
391
GCS eye
4
spontaneous
verbal
pai
none
392
GCS motor
6
follows commands
Localizes
withdraws
flexes
extens
none
393
GCS verbal
5
none
orient x2
confused
inappropriate
incomprehensive
none
394
Injury Severity Score
correlates to mrotality and borbidity
head/neck, face, chest, abd, extremity, ...
395
APACHE sc orign system
actue physiological and chron...
helps redict pt outcomes in ICU. not designed specifically for trauma
396
CERT
community emergency response team
397
location of decontamination zones
uphill
upstream
upwind
398
VO2
Oxygen consumption
399
intervention before apnea rx
preoxygenate for 3-5 min before giving rx that will lead to apnea
400
preoxgenation during apnea
allwos up to 10 min of respiratory reserve following apnea in ptl at risk for lung issues
401
Cormack and Lehane Scale
grade laryungoscopei views. predicts dififuclt intubatoin
402
two scales to predict difficult airways
Cormack and Lehane: looks at cords and larynx
Mallampati: looks a tsoft palate/uvula
403
intervention if you don't have a good view of vocal cords fo rintubation
reposition
404
why are RSI techniques developed
developed to increse tehlikilihood of regurgitation and aspiration
- preoxygenate 5min with 100% oxygen
- intubate when airway frelexes aer lost
405
Sellick maneuver
cricoid pressrue by downward pressure on teh neck over the cricoid cartliage
- compresses the esophagus and is intended to decrease likelihood fo gastric ontents lieakign into pharynx
406
difference between intubation blades
Macintosh: blade into the vallecula and lift 45 degrees
Miller: pass uner the laryngeal surface of hte epiglottis then lift 45
407
when can you do awake intubatoin
if cooperaative, calm, spontaneosu ventilatin and difficult arway predicted
408
Combitube
2 balloons - esophagus and larynx
- inset until 2 black rings at level fo incisionsrs
- proximal blue =- 100ml air
distal esophagus white = 15ml air
confirm placement with PETCO2 de3tectd
409
no NPA or nasal intubation
maxilofacial trauma b/c risk of criboform bone fracture
410
rx to make the nose dilate
cocaine
411
calculate CPP
CPP = MAP-ICP
412
hyperventilation and blood to head
hyperventilation to decrease cerebreal blood flow by causing cerebral vacsoconstriction which increases blodo to head
413
when is awake intubation indicated
major ireawy tear b/c this avoids exposign tot he disruption to PPV
- risk for further injury to airway iand increased likelihood that air will dissect into the mediastinal tissue
414
goal of intubation
seal off the airway w/cuffed ETT
415
