Medical conditions

Question 1

Ahe persistent inflammation of the lungs characterized by recurrent episodes of shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, chest tightness or pressure, coughing (especially at night), and wheezing

Answer 1

Asthma

Question 2

What is the best position of a patient experiencing asthma attack?

Answer 2

Orthopneic position to facilitate breathing and lung expansion

Question 3

A severe, prolonged form of asthma that is difficult to treat

Answer 3

Status asthmaticus

Question 4

What causes hypoxemia during asthma?

Answer 4

limited expiratory airflow traps air distal to spastic, narrowed airways

Question 5

Hyperventilation results to what type of acid-base imbalance?

Answer 5

respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

Explain the pathophysiology of asthma.

Answer 6

Inflammatory mediators released from sensitized airways –> causing activation of inflammatory cells –> bronchoconstriction, airway edema, impaired mucociliary clearance –> airway narrowing limits airflow, increases work of breathing –> trapped air mixes with inhaled air, impairing gas exchange

Question 7

What causes asthma?

Answer 7

Common allergens, exposure to aspirin and other nonsteroidal drugs, exercise, cold or hot air, viral infections, stress

Question 8

List the risk factors of asthma.

Answer 8

Genetic factors
Exposure to infections
Air pollution
Allergies

Question 9

Prevention strategies to follow when dealing with asthma

Answer 9

Avoid allergies and environmental triggers
Modify home environment
Remove pets from household
Eliminate all tobacco smoke
Early treatment of respiratory infections
Comply with medication regimens

Question 10

What is the goal of pharmacologic therapy in asthma?

Answer 10

Prevent and control symptoms, reduce frequency and severity of exacerbations, reverse airway obstruction

Question 11

What is the effect of bronchodilators?

Answer 11

Relax smooth muscles of airway

Question 12

block the late response to inhaled allergens and reduce edema and bronchial hyperresponsiveness

Answer 12

Corticosteroids

Question 13

Children younger than 4 will be needing a _______ for medication administration.

Answer 13

spacer with mask

Question 14

Air trapping means ______

Answer 14

decreased airflow with exhalation

Question 15

increase the anteroposterior chest diameter

Answer 15

barrel chest

Question 16

inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes

Answer 16

Bronchitis

Question 17

a disorder of excessive bronchial mucus secretion

Answer 17

Chronic bronchitis

Question 18

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 18

a specific progressive disorder that slowly alters the structures of the respiratory system over time, irreversibly affecting lung function

Question 19

Emphysema

Answer 19

characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli, with resulting enlargement of abnormal air spaces

Question 20

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Answer 20

the amount of air that can be exhaled in 1 second as measured by a spirometer

Question 21

Postural drainage

Answer 21

the drainage by gravity of secretions from various lung segments

Question 22

What is pursed-lip breathing?

Answer 22

exhaling through a narrow opening between the lips to prolong the expiratory phase in an effort to promote more alveolar emptying while maintaining open alveoli

Question 23

A characteristic position of patients with COPD.

Answer 23

Tripod position

Question 24

a series of vigorous quiverings produced by hands that are placed flat against the patient’s chest wall

Answer 24

vibration

Question 25

What is a major factor in the development of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 25

smoking

Question 26

What is the prevention of COPD?

Answer 26

Don’t smoke, or quit smoking | Decrease exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational respiratory irritants, air pollutants

Question 27

What are the manifestations of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 27

cough that produces copious amounts of thick tenacious sputum, cyanosis, evidence of right-sided heart failure, adventitious lung sounds prominent on auscultation

Question 28

What are the manifestations of emphysema insidious?

Answer 28

dyspnea with exertion, minimal cough, barrel chest due to air trapping and hyperinflation, breath sounds diminished, pursed-lip breathing

Question 29

Airway clearance techniques

Answer 29

therapies used to assist in loosening and removing mucus form the lungs; coughing is the most basic, huffing, CPT

Question 30

Amniocentesis

Answer 30

genetic testing used to determine if the fetus has CF; typically occurs between weeks 15–18 of the pregnancy

Question 31

Autosomal recessive disorder

Answer 31

requires that the affected individual receive two abnormal CFTR genes in order to express the disease

Question 32

A major revolution in the treatment of CF, because they target the cause of the problem rather than just the clinical manifestations

Answer 32

CFTR modulators

Question 33

Chest physical therapy (CPT)

Answer 33

An airway clearance technique (ACT) that involves percussion, as well as vibration and deep breathing

Question 34

Chorionic villus sampling

Answer 34

genetic testing used to determine if the fetus has CF; typically occurs between weeks 10 and 13 of the pregnancy

Question 35

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Answer 35

An inherited disorder that affects the secretory glands, particularly the glands that are responsible for secreting mucus, digestive enzymes, and sweat

Question 36

Central to the movement of chloride into and out of the body cells

Answer 36

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein

Question 37

Medications that help break up thick mucus secretions in the airways of patients with CF

Answer 37

Mucolytics

Question 38

Typically administered twice, measures the amount of salt in the baby’s sweat and is most effective for a CF diagnosis

Answer 38

Sweat test

Question 39

A genetic defect associated with CF causes ________ that results to _________.

Answer 39

production of thick, sticky mucus; obstructs ducts, passageways, airways within the body

Question 40

What is the goal of pharmacology therapy in patients with CF?

Answer 40

Essential to open airways, break up mucus, treat infection and inflammation