Medical Ethics

Question 1

What are a set of moral standards and code for behavior?

Answer 1

medical ethics

Question 2

What is what people perceive to be right or good?

Answer 2

morality

Question 3

What guides individual interactions with others and society?

Answer 3

code for behavior

Question 4

What are the principles of biomedical ethics?

Answer 4

1. autonomy
2. beneficence
3. nonmaleficence
4. justice

Question 5

What is used to inform, guide, and shade behaviors/decisions?

Answer 5

principles of biomedical ethics

Question 6

Describe autonomy?

Answer 6

• patients make their own decisions
• must be voluntary and informed
• must be competent
• treat with dignity and respect

Question 7

What are the responsibilities associated with autonomy?

Answer 7

• patient confidentiality
• honest communication
• informed consent/refusal of treatment

Question 8

What includes providing adequate information that is comprehendible to a competent patient or patient surrogate such as mutual participation, respect, and shared decision making?

Answer 8

informed consent

Question 9

What is the ultimate goal of informed consent?

Answer 9

patient understanding, not just agreement with the recommended treatment and not just a signature

Question 10

What should be conversational, not authoritative?

Answer 10

informed consent

Question 11

What are the components of informed consent?

Answer 11

1. diagnosis/recommendation for treatment
2. nature of recommended procedure/treatment
3. risks and benefits
4. alternatives to recommended procedure
5. identity, credentials and experience of those performing the procedure
6. cost of procedure

Question 12

What must be signed, dated, and time-stamped?

Answer 12

informed consent

Question 13

What are the requirements of informed consent?

Answer 13

1. understand relevant information
2. appreciate medical condition and consequences
3. communicate a choice
4. discuss own values in relation to provider’s recommendation
5. provider’s judgment

Question 14

What is the ability to understand the nature and consequences of the procedure or treatment that the patient is being asked to undergo?

Answer 14

competency

Question 15

What is the practice of overriding or ignoring preferences of patients in order to benefit them or enhance their welfare?

Answer 15

paternalism

Question 16

What “trumps” autonomy due to it being the best interest of the patient?

Answer 16

Beneficence

Question 17

What is the promotion of the well-being of others and is the guiding purpose in healthcare (here to help others get better)?

Answer 17

beneficence

Question 18

What are the moral rules of beneficence?

Answer 18

• protect and defend the rights of others
• prevent harm from occurring to others
• remove conditions that will cause harm to others
• help persons with disabilities

Question 19

What is non deliberately causing harm to others, “do no harm”?

Answer 19

nonmaleficence

Question 20

What are the moral rules associated with nonmaleficence?

Answer 20

• do not kill
• do not cause pain or suffering
• do not incapacitate
• do not cause offense
• do not deprive others of the goods of life

Question 21

What is taking sufficient and appropriate care to avoid causing harm to a patient given what the circumstances would demand of a reasonable and prudent health professional?

Answer 21

due care

Question 22

What is the absence of due care, intentionally causing harm, or unintentionally, but carelessly imposing risk of harm?

Answer 22

negligence

Question 23

What is the rule of double effect?

Answer 23

distinction between intended effects and merely foreseen effects
-single act: 1 good effect and 1 bad effect

Question 24

What are the conditions that must be met for the rule of double effect?

Answer 24

1. nature of the act must be good
2. the agent’s intention must be only the good effect
3. the distinction between means and effects (bad effect must not be a means to the good effect)
4. proportionality between the good and bad effect (good must outweigh the bad)

Question 25

What is associated with the fair and equitable distribution of benefits and burdens and treating others equally?

Answer 25

justice

Question 26

What are the four components to ethical decision making?

Answer 26

1. agent 2. choices 3. consequences 4. context

Question 27

In ethical decision making, who is the one that will be making the decision and is based on our character (personal characteristics, beliefs, values)?

Answer 27

agent

Question 28

In ethical decision making, what is associated with the morals that will help direct the decision, right vs wrong, and telling the truth vs deliberately hurting people?

Answer 28

choices

Question 29

In ethical decision making, what is the result/outcome of the decision, good or bad?

Answer 29

consequences

Question 30

In ethical decision making, what is the setting that influences the decisions made?

Answer 30

context

Question 31

What are the 3 broad types of ethical theories?

Answer 31

1. consequential theories 2. non-consequentialist theories 3. agent-centered theories

Question 32

What theory is concerned with ethical consequences of a particular action?

Answer 32

consequential theory

Question 33

What theory focuses on the person making ethical decisions about particular actions?

Answer 33

non-consequentialist theories

Question 34

What theory is concerned with overall ethical status of agents (individuals) and less concerned with morality of particular actions?

Answer 34

agent-centered theories

Question 35

The virtue theory is associated with?

Answer 35

agent-centered theories

Question 36

What focuses on the moral character of the agent and teach/develop certain skills and will make good decisions?

Answer 36

virtue theory

Question 37

What is a stable character trait developed by practice over time?

Answer 37

virtues

Question 38

What helps one to act well?

Answer 38

virtue

Question 39

What is immoral behavior?

Answer 39

vice

Question 40

What are the different virtues in the virtue theory?

Answer 40

- integrity - respect - courage - humility - empathy - justice

Question 41

What allows a person to be true to self when values are challenged?

Answer 41

integrity

Question 42

What is the tendency to regard another as having some worth and consequently, the desire to treat them with civility?

Answer 42

respect

Question 43

What are the 2 levels of respect?

Answer 43

1. respect because they are fellow human beings (inherent and fundamental) 2. respect due to status or position in a hierarchy (over and beyond the general respect we owe others)

Question 44

What describes making difficult choices despite negative consequences and includes standing up for yourself and/or for the good of your patients?

Answer 44

courage

Question 45

What describes recognizing one's limitations and that there is always something to learn whether is it from patients or other healthcare team members?

Answer 45

humility

Question 46

What describes understanding another person's point of view, is driven by compassion, and occurs when we listen and communicate effectively to patients and healthcare team members and develops a trusting relationship with patients?

Answer 46

empathy

Question 47

What describes the quality of being just, impartial, fair, and practicing non-discriminately?

Answer 47

justice

Question 48

What are the four topics of ethical decision making?

Answer 48

1. medical indications 2. patient preferences 3. quality of life 4. contextual features

Question 49

What is associated with the diagnostic and therapeutic intervention being used to evaluate and treat the medical problem and includes beneficence and nonmaleficence?

Answer 49

medical indications

Question 50

What is associated with expressed choices of the patient about their treatment and you gave to provide respect for autonomy?

Answer 50

patient preferences

Question 51

What is included in the ethical decision making topic quality of life?

Answer 51

- beneficence, nonmaleficence and respect for autonomy - features of the patient's life prior to and following treatment

Question 52

What is included in the ethical decision making topic "context"?

Answer 52

- principles of justice and fairness - conflict of interest - identifies familial, social, institutional, financial, and legal settings where the case takes place

Question 53

What are everyday ethical issues?

Answer 53

- trust - patient-provider relationship - patient confidentiality - sexual relationships - difficult patients

Question 54

What is the foundation of the PA-patient relationship?

Answer 54

trust

Question 55

What involves applying one's knowledge to assist the patient in healing?

Answer 55

trust

Question 56

What includes assured reliance on the character, ability, strength or truth of someone or something, includes empathy and respect, and listening to what patients are telling you?

Answer 56

trust

Question 57

What are ways you can gain patient's trust?

Answer 57

- addressing pts by name/title - eye contact - pleasant tone of voice - smile - humor - listen attentively - avoid showing frustration - respect - keep agreements with the patient - provide competent health care

Question 58

How can you apply trust in medicine?

Answer 58

- obtain detailed medical history - pt more comfortable/cooperative with physical exam - compliance = better outcomes

Question 59

If patients are confident their privacy is protected, they are more likely to what?

Answer 59

discuss their problems

Question 60

What is strictly prohibited with patients?

Answer 60

sexual relationships

Question 61

Usually, the problem with "difficult patients" is what?

Answer 61

the patient-provider relationship

Question 62

"difficult patients" are exacerbated by what?

Answer 62

- chronic medical issues - social factors

Question 63

What is key with developing a trusting relationship?

Answer 63

truth