Medical Knowledge Flashcards

Question

What is CAD an acronym for?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease. Cardio - Heart, vascular arteries.

Answer 2

Cardiovascular disease affects the blood vessels of the heart and body. Cardiovascular disease is the most common type of heart disease in the United States. Plaque builds up in the walls of the coronary and other arteries. The inside of the arteries narrow over time (atherosclerosis), which can partially or totally block blood flow. CAD can weaken the heart muscle. This may lead to heart failure - the heart can't pump blood in the way it should. CAD can also lead to an irregular heartbeat or an arrythmia can develop. When your heart doesn't get enough blood, chest pain or discomfort, called Angina can develop.

Answer 3

Plaque is made up of deposits of cholesterol and other substances.

Answer 4

Plaque builds up in the arteries over time and causes the narrowing of the arteries. Atherosclerosis makes it harder for blood to flow through your body.

Answer 5

Used by anyone to quickly help diagnose a stroke. F - Face - asks the person to smile. Does one side of the face drop? A - Arms - Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? S - Speech - Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is the speech slurred or strange? T - Time: If you see any of these signs call 911 immediately.

Answer 6

1. Hypertension 2. High cholesterol 3. Diabetes 4. Sickle Cell disease 5. A previous stroke or TIA

Answer 7

1. Unhealthy Diet 2. Physical inactivity 3. Obesity 4. High Alcohol Intake 5. Tobacco Smoking.

Answer 8

1. Genetics 2. Older Age 3. Female 4. Race/Ethniticity. Blacks, Hispanics, American Indians, and Alaskan natives are more likely to have a stroke than non-hispanic whites or Asians. African Americans have 2x as many strokes as whites and are twice as likely to die from them.

Answer 9

1. Chest pain or discomfort. 2. Nausea, feeling lightheaded or unusually tired. 3. Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back. 4. Pain or discomfort in the arm or shoulder. 5. Shortness of breath.

Answer 10

When the flow of blood in the brain is disrupted, brain cells start to die immediately because they do not get enough oxygen.

Answer 11

1. Ischemic Stroke 2. Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 12

Blood clots or plaque blocks blood vessels in or to the brain.

Answer 13

A blood vessel bursts in the brain and damages the surrounding brain tissue.

Answer 14

1. Numbness or weakness in the face, arms, or legs, especially on one side of the body. 2. Confusion, trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech. 3. Trouble seeing in one or both eyes. 4. Trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination. 5. Severe headache with no known cause. 6. If symptoms go away after a few moments, it may be a TIA.

Answer 15

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. Three or more of the following conditions that increase the risk include: 1. increased blood pressure. 2. high blood sugar 3. excess body fat around the waist. 4. abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels. 5. Or taking any medicine to treat the above.

Answer 16

1. Abdominal Obesity 2. An inactive lifestyle 3. Insulin Resistance 4. Race/Ethnicity - Mexican Americans have the highest rates compared to black or whites. 5. Diabetes or a sibling or parent with diabetes. 6. Women, especially those with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Answer 17

1. Reduce the risk of CVD/CAD by lowering LDL cholesterol and high blood pressure and manage diabetes if present. 2. To prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. They can accomplish this through medications and heart-healthy lifestyle changes, such as: 1. Diet 2. Physical activity 3. Weight loss. 4. Managing stress. 5. Not smoking.

Answer 18

1. Waistline: Male >= 40; Female >= 35. 2. Low HDL: Male <50 mg/dl; Female <40 mg/dl. 3. High Triglycerides: >= 150 mg/dl. 4. High BP:>=130/ >=85 mmHg. 5. High fasting blood glucose: >100 mg/dl. (Prediabetes or Diabetes.) 6. Taking any medication for the above.

Answer 19

The inflammation or swelling of one or more joints. Arthritis isn’t a single disease; the term refers to joint pain or joint disease. Arthritis affects people of all ages, races, and sexes. It is the leading cause of disability in the U.S.

Answer 20

Common arthritis symptoms include swelling, pain, stiffness, and diminished range of motion in joints. Symptoms vary from mild to severe and may come and go. Some may stay about the same for years, but symptoms can also progress and get worse. Severe arthritis can cause chronic pain, cause difficulty performing daily activities and make walking and climbing stairs painful and grueling.

Answer 21

Osteoarthritis (OA) is by far the most common type of arthritis. It can damage almost any joint but mainly occurs in the hands, spine, hips, and knees. OA was once considered a wear-and-tear disease in which cartilage — the protective layer on the ends of bones — wore down after years of use. But with further research, the thinking about OA has changed. Doctors now know that OA is a disease of the whole joint, not just cartilage. Bones in affected joints become weaker. The connective tissue that holds the joint together deteriorates, and inflammation damages the joint lining. Contrary to decades of belief, inflammation plays a key role in OA, just as it does in most other types of arthritis.

Answer 22

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common form of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. The immune system is overactive, attacking healthy tissue, including those in the spine ,hands, and feet. In some people the inflammation becomes systemic, damaging the heart, skin, and other organs.

Answer 23

The general consensus is the following factors are the causes of RA: 1. Environment 2. Stress 3. Smoking 4. Microbiome

Answer 24

Waist circumference.

Answer 25

1. Be consistent with the time you go to bed. 2. Make sure your bedroom is a quiet, dark, relaxing, and comfortable temperature. 3. Remove electronic devices such as TVs, computers, and smartphones. 4. Avoid large meals, caffeine, and alcohol before bedtime. 5. Get regular exercise. Be physical during the day.

Answer 26

The USDA dietary guidelines for Americans.

Answer 27

1. Follow a healthy dietary pattern at every life stage. 2. Customize and enjoy nutrient dense food and beverages to reflect personal preferences, cultural differences, and budgetary considerations. 3. Focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient-dense foods and beverages, and stay within calorie limits. 4. Limit foods and beverages in added sugar, saturated fat, and sodium, and limit alcoholic beverages.

Answer 28

1. Vegetables of all types—dark green; red and orange; beans, peas, and lentils; starchy; and other vegetables. 2. Fruits, especially whole fruit. 3. Grains, at least half of which are whole grain 3. Dairy, including fat-free or low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese, and/or lactose-free versions and fortified soy beverages and yogurt as alternatives. 4. Protein foods, including lean meats, poultry, and eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; and nuts, seeds, and soy products 5. Oils, including vegetable oils and oils in food, such as seafood and nuts.

Answer 29

2 1/2 cups per day.

Answer 30

2 cups per day.

Answer 31

6 oz. per day.

Answer 32

3 cups a day.

Answer 33

5 1/2 oz. a day.

Answer 34

The Healthy Eating Plate, created by nutrition experts at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and editors at Harvard Health Publications, was designed to address deficiencies in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s MyPlate. The Healthy Eating Plate provides detailed guidance, in a simple format, to help people make the best eating choices. The Healthy Eating Plate is based exclusively on the best available science and was not subjected to political or commercial pressures from food industry lobbyists.

Answer 35

1. 1/2 of your plate should be fruits and vegetables. 2. 1/4 of your plate should be whole and intact grains—whole wheat, barley, wheat berries, quinoa, oats, brown rice, and foods made with them, such as whole wheat pasta—have a milder effect on blood sugar and insulin than white bread, white rice, and other refined grains. 3. 1/4 of your plate should be protein. Fish, poultry, beans, and nuts are all healthy, versatile protein sources—they can be mixed into salads and pair well with vegetables on a plate. Limit red meat, and avoid processed meats such as bacon and sausage. 4. Healthy plant oils – in moderation. Choose healthy vegetable oils like olive, canola, soy, corn, sunflower, peanut, and others, and avoid partially hydrogenated oils, which contain unhealthy trans fats. Remember that low-fat does not mean “healthy.” 5. Drink water, coffee, or tea. Skip sugary drinks, limit milk and dairy products to one to two servings per day, and limit juice to a small glass per day. 6. Stay active. The red figure running across the Healthy Eating Plate’s placemat is a reminder that staying active is also important in weight control.

Answer 36

1. Have prediabetes. 2. Are overweight. 3. Are 45 years or older. 4. Have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes. 5. Are physically active less than 3 times a week. 6. Have ever had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or given birth to a baby who weighed over 9 pounds.

Answer 37

A lipid panel is a common blood test that healthcare providers use to monitor and screen for your risk of cardiovascular disease. The panel includes three measurements of your cholesterol levels and a measurement of your triglycerides.

Answer 38

A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers. Together with proteins and carbohydrates, lipids are one of the principal structural components of living cells.

Answer 39

Lipids are a diverse group of compounds and serve many different functions. At a cellular level, phospholipids and cholesterol are some of the primary components of the membranes that separate a cell from its environment.

Answer 40

1. Total cholesterol 2. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. 3. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. 4. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. 5. Triglycerides.

Answer 41

This is your overall cholesterol level — the combination of LDL-C, VLDL-C and HDL-C.

Answer 42

This is the type of cholesterol that’s known as “bad cholesterol.” It can collect in your blood vessels and increase your risk of cardiovascular disease.

Answer 43

This is a type of cholesterol that’s usually present in very low amounts when the blood sample is a fasting samples since it’s mostly comes from food you’ve recently eaten. An increase in this type of cholesterol in a fasting sample may be a sign of abnormal lipid metabolism.

Answer 44

This is the type of cholesterol that’s known as “good cholesterol.” It helps decrease the buildup of LDL in your blood vessels.

Answer 45

This is a type of fat from the food we eat. Excess amounts of triglycerides in your blood are associated with cardiovascular disease and pancreatic inflammation.

Answer 46

The optimal level (measured in milligrams per deciliter of blood — mg/dL) for each of the four standard tests in a lipid panel is as follows: 1. Total cholesterol: Below 200 mg/dL. 2. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: Above 60 mg/dL. 3. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: Below 100 mg/dL (For people who have diabetes: Below 70 mg/dL). 4. Triglycerides: Below 150 mg/dL.

Answer 47

Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory, and mood issues. Women are more likely to develop fibromyalgia than are men. Many people who have fibromyalgia also have tension headaches, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety and depression.

Answer 48

Widespread pain. The pain associated with fibromyalgia often is described as a constant dull ache that has lasted for at least three months. To be considered widespread, the pain must occur on both sides of your body and above and below your waist. Fatigue. People with fibromyalgia often awaken tired, even though they report sleeping for long periods of time. Sleep is often disrupted by pain, and many patients with fibromyalgia have other sleep disorders, such as restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea. Cognitive difficulties. A symptom commonly referred to as "fibro fog" impairs the ability to focus, pay attention and concentrate on mental tasks.

Answer 49

1. Irritable bowel syndrome 2. Chronic fatigue syndrome 3. Migraine and other types of headaches 4. Interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome 5. Temporomandibular joint disorders 6. Anxiety 7. Depression 8. Postural tachycardia syndrome

Answer 50

1. Your sex. Fibromyalgia is diagnosed more often in women than in men. 2. Family history. You may be more likely to develop fibromyalgia if a parent or sibling also has the condition. 3. Other disorders. If you have osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, you may be more likely to develop fibromyalgia.

Answer 51

There is no specific way to diagnose Fibromyalgia. Instead, the main factor needed for a fibromyalgia diagnosis is widespread pain throughout your body for at least three months. To meet the criteria, you must have pain in at least four-five areas: 1. Left upper region, including shoulder, arm, or jaw. 2. Right upper region, including shoulder, arm, or jaw. 3. Left lower region, including hip, buttock, or leg. 4. Right lower region, including hip, buttock, or leg . 5. The axial region, which includes the neck, back, chest, or abdomen Your doctor may want to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. Blood tests may include: 1. Complete blood count 2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 3. Cyclic citrullinated peptide test 4. Rheumatoid factor 5. Thyroid function tests 6. Anti-nuclear antibody 7. Celiac serology 8. Vitamin D

Answer 52

In general, treatments for fibromyalgia include both medication and self-care strategies. The emphasis is on minimizing symptoms and improving general health. No one treatment works for all symptoms, but trying a variety of treatment strategies can have a cumulative effect.

Answer 53

1. monounsaturated fats. 2. polyunsaturated fats. 3. saturated fats. 4. trans fats.

Answer 54

Monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat are ‘healthy’ fats. They can help to maintain healthy cholesterol levels. Cholesterol is a fatty substance in your blood.

Answer 55

Saturated fat and trans fat are ‘unhealthy’ fats. They can raise the ‘bad’ (non-HDL) cholesterol in your blood. Too much cholesterol can increase your risk of having the following: 1. a stroke 2. a heart attack 3. vascular dementia.

Answer 56

The A1C test—also known as the hemoglobin A1C or HbA1c test—is a simple blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months. It’s one of the most commonly used tests to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes.

Answer 57

The long-term activation of the stress response system and overexposure to cortisol and other stress hormones can disrupt almost all your body's processes. This puts you at an increased risk of many health problems, including: 1. Anxiety 2. Depression 3. Digestive problems 4. Headaches 5. Muscle tension and pain 6. Heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, and stroke 7. Sleep problems 8. Weight gain 9. Memory and concentration impairment

Answer 58

The part of the nervous system that slows the heart, dilates blood vessels, decreases pupil size, increases digestive juices, and relaxes muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 59

What is the major difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to a calm and composed state and prevents it from overworking. The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, prepares the body for fight and flight response.

Answer 60

The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, prepares the body for fight and flight response.

Answer 61

When scientists and researchers discuss inflammation, they’re referring to the body’s natural way of defending itself against tissue damage, as well as against viruses and bacteria. It’s a defensive response governed primarily by the immune system, which dispatches white blood cells to the affected sites, resulting in redness and swelling or symptoms such as fever. Inflammation is one of the key pathophysiological processes that underlie most chronic diseases.

Answer 62

Chronic inflammation is a common factor in most chronic diseases. Whereas acute inflammation is a healthy response to injury, chronic inflammation causes problems over time. Common and well-studied conditions associated with chronic inflammation include coronary artery disease, diabetes, obesity, arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer Disease. Dietary interventions (see anti-inflammatory diet in Section 3.3), moderate exercise, and effective stress management are thought to be central in preventing inflammatory disease.

Answer 63

The process our bodies naturally use to maintain the critical functions that keep us alive, including heart rate, breathing, and glucose and insulin levels.

Answer 64

The conditions in which we live, learn, work, and play are called social determinants of health (SDOH). Differences in SDOH affect chronic disease outcomes and risks, including obesity, among racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, as well as in different geographies and among people with different physical abilities.

Answer 65

Dietary interventions (see anti-inflammatory diet in Section 3.3), moderate exercise, and effective stress management are thought to be central in preventing inflammatory disease.

Answer 66

Obesity is a complex disease that occurs when an individual’s weight is higher than what is considered healthy for his or her height. Obesity affects children as well as adults. Many factors can contribute to excess weight gain, including eating patterns, physical activity levels, and sleep routines. Social determinants of health, genetics, and taking certain medications also play a role.

Answer 67

Adult Body Mass Index. BMI is a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. A high BMI can indicate high body fatness.

Answer 68

If your BMI is less than 18.5, it falls within the underweight range.

Answer 69

If your BMI is 18.5 to <25, it falls within the healthy weight range.

Answer 70

If your BMI is 25.0 to <30, it falls within the overweight range.

Answer 71

If your BMI is 30.0 or higher, it falls within the obesity range.

Answer 72

Obesity is frequently subdivided into categories: Class 1: BMI of 30 to < 35 Class 2: BMI of 35 to < 40 Class 3: BMI of 40 or higher. Class 3 obesity is sometimes categorized as “severe” obesity.

Answer 73

1. All-causes of death (mortality) 2. High blood pressure (hypertension) 3. High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides (dyslipidemia) 3. Type 2 diabetes 4. Coronary heart disease 5. Stroke 6. Gallbladder disease 7. Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint) 8. Sleep apnea and breathing problems 9. Chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress19,20 10. Some cancers (endometrial, breast, colon, kidney, gallbladder, and liver) 11. Low quality of life 12. Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders21,22 13. Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning.

Answer 74

1. Economic Stability 2. Education access and quality. 3. Health Care access and quality. 4. Neighborhood and the built environment. 5. Social and community context.

Answer 75

The Illness-Wellness Continuum is the first of Dr. Travis’ three key wellness concepts. Most of us think of “wellness” in terms of “illness” and assume that the absence of illness indicates wellness. The Illness-Wellness Continuum begins on the leftside with PREMATURE DEATH ->SYMPTOMS->SIGNS->NEUTRAL->AWARENESS->EDUCATION->GROWTH. There are actually many degrees of wellness, just as there are many degrees of illness. The Illness-Wellness Continuum illustrates the relationship between the treatment paradigm to the wellness paradigm. An individual can move beyond the “neutral” point to increasingly higher levels of wellness. 1. The first level you encounter is the lifestyle/behavioral level–what you eat, how you use and exercise your body, how you relax and let go of stress, and how you safeguard yourself from the surrounding hazards. 2. The second level is the Psychological/Motivational level. 3. The third level is Spiritual/Being/Meaning/Real.

Medical Knowledge Flashcards

(102 cards)