Medical Micro - Fungi

Question 1

what is a heterotroph

Answer 1

need to absorb nutrients from the environment

Question 2

where does the fungus germinate from

Answer 2

the spore

Question 3

what produces spores

Answer 3

the reproductive structure

Question 4

difference between septate and and coenetytic hyphae

Answer 4

septate - 1 on 1 nuclei
coentityci - the nuclei is continuous

Question 5

features of spores

Answer 5

haploid
produced sexually/asexually
dispersed by wind/water

Question 6

outline asexual reproduction of funcgi

Answer 6

spore producing structure
spore
germination
mycelium

Question 7

outline sexual reproduction of fungi step 1-4

Answer 7

dikaryotic stage
karyogamy - fusion of nuclei
diploid stage
meiosis

Question 8

outline sexual reproduction of fungi step 5 -9

Answer 8

spore producing structure
spores
germination
mycelium
plasmogamy - fusion of cytoplasm

Question 9

features of zygomycota

Answer 9

hyphae coenocytic
but septate in reproductive phase
dikaryotic zygosporangia

Question 10

features of ascomycota

Answer 10

septate hyphae
sac fungi
usually 8 ascospores in asci

Question 11

features of basidiomycota

Answer 11

club fungi
septate hyphae
4 basidiospores on basidium

Question 12

roles of fungi

Answer 12

decomposers - break down dead material
symbionts - mutualistic relationship with other organisms
pathogens/parasites - cannot produce their own nutrients

Question 13

features of fungi of decomposers

Answer 13

hyphae can penetrate larger items
enzymes to break down lignin
nutrients absorbed from dead material
nutrients made available to other organisms - nutrient recycling

Question 14

what is a mycorrhiza

Answer 14

symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant

Question 15

what are the fungal and plant benefits from mycorrhiza

Answer 15

fungal - access to carbs
plants - access to mineral nutrients

Question 16

what allows fungus to penetrate the plant cell wall

Answer 16

haustorium

Question 17

what are lichens

Answer 17

symbiosis between fungus and green algae or cyanobacteria

Question 18

what are the benefits to the algae/bacteria and fungus in lichens

Answer 18

algae/bacteria - gets more stable environment
fungi - gets nutrients

Question 19

what is the difference between opportunistic and obligate parasites

Answer 19

opportunistic - do not need a host but will if available
obligate - need a host to survive

Question 20

what is the nutritional value of fungi

Answer 20

low in fat/cholesterol
high in protein
high in vitamins, mineral and antioxidants
good source of fibre

Question 21

how can yeast produce ATP from sugars

Answer 21

respiration and fermentation

Question 22

how does psylocybin work

Answer 22

structurally similar to serotonin

Question 23

what are all plant pathogens

Answer 23

basidiomycota

Question 24

difference between the life cycle of smuts and ruts

Answer 24

smuts - have one host
ruts - have two hosts

Question 25

what is the effect of ruts/smuts on plants

Answer 25

don't kill the plant but decrease yield

Question 26

features of candidiasis

Answer 26

dimorphic - grow as yeast and filaments results in oral/genital thrush

Question 27

what is the treatment of candiasis

Answer 27

antifungal treatment

Question 28

features of dermatophytosis

Answer 28

AKA - athletes foot infects via spores in the environment ( active for 18 months) treatment is antifungal medication

Question 29

features of aspergillosis

Answer 29

caused by inhaling aspergillus range of effects on lungs, sinus and more treatment is antifungals

Question 30

features of cryptococcosis

Answer 30

caused by inhaling spores of cryptococcus infects lungs and CNS , can cross BBB treatment is antifungals

Question 31

features of fungal allergies

Answer 31

caused by inhaling the spores of moulds and mildew wide range of species allergic reactions, asthma treatments - antihistamines, steroids

Question 32

what is microsporidia

Answer 32

phylum of single celled organism eukaryotes obligate intra-cellular parasites small genome spore forming

Question 33

what is the structure of a meront

Answer 33

plasma membrane often with projections to increase contact surface area with host 1 or 2 nuclei lots of ribosomes no mitochondria

Question 34

structure of a spore

Answer 34

thick wall, protein/chitin layers 1 or 2 nuclei rows of circles

Question 35

what are the rows of circles in spores

Answer 35

cross-section of coiled up polar filaments coil pattern is often species-specific

Question 36

outline the life cycle of a spore

Answer 36

environmental cues triggers germination polar filaments pierce membrane of host cell spore content injected into host cell

Question 37

what environmental cue triggers spore germination

Answer 37

osmotic pressure

Question 38

classification of microsposidia

Answer 38

very primitive eukaryote related to fungi highly specialised - lost many traits due to parasitic lifestyle

Question 39

why do microsporidia not have mitochondria

Answer 39

their environments has all the resources they need, don't need to generate energy to get it

Question 40

why are microsporidia not found in plants

Answer 40

they can't penetrate the cell wall