Medical Microbiology Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Particles suspended in fluid
A
Droplets
2
Q
Kills all pathogens
A
Sterilization
3
Q
Kills some but not all pathogens
A
Disinfection
4
Q
Memory cells are involved in ____ immunity
A
Active
5
Q
Another name for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is ____
A
AIDS
6
Q
Fluconazole is an ______ agent
A
Antifungal
7
Q
Connects the dermis and epidermis
A
Basement membrane
8
Q
Contains keratinocytes
A
Epidermis
9
Q
Humoral immunity is the production of _____
A
Antibodies
10
Q
Eosinophils are mainly used in _____ responses
A
Allergic/asthmatic
11
Q
Release histamine (dilates blood vessels)
A
Basophils
12
Q
Differentiates macrophages and dendritic cells
A
Monocytes
13
Q
Links innate and adaptive immune systems
A
Dendritic cells
14
Q
Respond to MHC I complexes
A
CD8 T cells (viruses, tumors)
15
Q
Respond to MHC II complexes
A
CD4/helper T cells
-release cytokines
16
Q
Cell body of a neuron
A
Soma
17
Q
Maintain blood/brain barrier, regulates nutrients and gas, recycles neurotransmitters
A
Astrocytes
18
Q
Provides framework for myelin sheath and structure in CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
19
Q
Remove debris and pathogens
A
Microglia
20
Q
Involved in regulation of cerebral spinal fluid in CNS
A
Ependymal cells
21
Q
Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia (PNS)
A
Satellite cells
22
Q
Myelinate peripheral axons
A
Schwann cells
23
Q
Resting membrane potential of neurons
A
-70 mV (outside more negative than inside)
24
Q
Na+/K pump pumps ___ Na+ cells out for every __ K+ cells in
A
3, 2
25
Information transfer can occur in ___ direction(s)
One
26
Blocks nicotine acetylcholine receptors to cause muscle relaxation/inability to constrict
Curare
27
Prevents release of acetylcholine (can cause paralysis)
Botulinum toxin
28
Creates an inability to create coordinated muscle contractions (causes spasms)
Anticholinesterases
29
Neurons that contain sensory information
Afferent
30
Neurons that carry motor commands
Efferent
31
Network of nerve fibers
Plexus
32
Part of brain that contains cerebral cortex with lots of gray matter
Forebrain
33
Part of forebrain that contains thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
34
Part of brain that controls visual and auditory responses/motor control
Midbrain
35
Allows cortex to communicate with cerebellum
Pons
36
Controls breathing, heart rate, gastral activity (involuntary movements)
Medulla
37
3 parts that make up brain stem
Medulla, midbrain, pons
38
Relays sensory information to spinal cord
Dorsal horn
39
Allows motor information to be relayed to spinal cord
Ventral horn
40
System of PNS involved in reflexes
Somatic
41
System of PNS in "fight or flight"
Autonomic
42
Subsystem of autonomic that uses norepinephrine
Sympathetic
43
Subsystem of autonomic that uses acetylcholine
Parasympathetic
44
Another name for being near sighted is ____
Myopia
45
Another name for being far sighted is _____
Hyperopia
46
Cells that create cartilage
Chondrocytes
47
Type of bone that contains osteons, Haversian canal, and lamellae
Compact bone
48
Type of bone that contains spicules with either yellow marrow or red marrow
Spongy bone
49
Anchors thin filaments in sarcomere
Z line
50
Line down center of sarcomere
M line
51
Contains only thin filaments
I band
52
Mainly thick filaments, some overlapping filaments
A band
53
Contains thick filaments only
H zone
54
Depolarization causes release of
Neurotransmitters
55
Stiffening of muscles after death is caused by a lack of
ATP
56
Contraction with change in length and tension
Dynamic
57
Contraction with shorter length but consistent tension
Isotonic
58
Contraction where length shortens and tension increases
Concentric
59
Dynamic contraction where length increases and tension increases
Eccentric
60
Contraction with no change in length and tension increases
Isometric
61
Relaxation period where muscle is unresponsive to stimulus
Absolute refractory period
62
Contractions so frequent that muscle cannot relax
Tetanus
63
State of constant partial contraction
Tonus
64
Cycle that concerts lactic acid in liver to glucose for use in bloodstream
Cori cycle
65
Cori cycle is not used during _____
Strenuous physical exercise
66
Muscle used for involuntary actions
-lacks stirations
Smooth muscle
67
Muscle that is stirated and contains only one or two central nuclei
Cardiac
68
Can temporarily store energy in vertebrates
Creatine phosphate
69
Maintains oxygen supply in muscles
Myoglobin
70
Deoxygenated blood goes to the ___ circulation
Pulmonary (toward lungs)
71
Oxygenated blood goes to the ____ circulation
Systemic (throughout body)
72
The _____ ventricle of the heart is stronger
Left!!!!! (more resistance, generates force for circulation)
73
The tricuspid valve is on the ____ side of the heart
Right
74
The mitral valve is on the ____ side of the heart and has ____ cusps
Left, 2
75
Period where cardiac muscles contract and blood is pumped out of heart
Systole
76
Period of cardiac relaxation where blood drains into chambers
Diastole
77
Total blood left ventricle pumps out per minute
Cardiac output
78
How to calculate cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out per contraction)
79
Small mass of tissue in wall of right atrium that controls contractions
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
80
Receives signals from SA node and transmits them to rest of heart
Atrioventricular (AV) node
81
Receives impulse from AV node to finish contraction
AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers
82
The ____ nervous system modifies the rate of heart contractions
Autonomic
83
Red blood cells are also known as
Erythrocytes
84
Hemoglobin can bind to up to ____ units of oxygen
4
85
Red blood cells have a life of _____
120 days
86
The Rh factor of blood determines whether it is ____
Positive or negative
87
Fetus being positive Rh while mother is negative Rh (or vice versa) and mom placenta RBCs destroy fetal RBCs
Erythroblastis fetalis
88
T/F: having a different Rh factor can affect a blood transfusion
True
89
Converts plasma to fibrin (with intermediate steps) to form clots
Thromboplastin
90
Fluid left over after blood clot has formed
Serum
91
Drug that prevents recycling of vitamin K to ultimately prevent blood clotting
Warfarin
92
Nerve that causes diaphragm to contract and flatten
Phrenic nerve
93
Protein that prevents lungs from collapsing
surfactant
94
Smaller amount of volume lungs can hold during a resting period
Tidal volume
95
Under stress, lungs can hold ____ air
More
96
Volume lungs can hold under stress
Vital volume
97
Vital capacity-upper limit of tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
98
Vital capacity-lower limit of tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
99
Total lung capacity - vital capacity
Residual volume
100
Enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes starch into maltose (disaccharide)
Ptyalin
101
Contractions that move food down esophagus
Peristalsis
102
Separates stomach from esophagus
Cardiac sphincter
103
Abdominal cavity has a ____ pressure which causes movement to esophagus (GERD)
Positive
104
Parietal cells release ___ into the stomach (necessary for absorption of vitamin B12)!
HCl
105
Chyme is passed to the _____ with the _____ sphincter
Duodenum of small intenstine, pyloric
106
3 portions of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
107
T/F: small intestine participates in both passive and active absorption of nutrients
True
108
Hormone that suppresses hunger-stimulates pancreatic enzymes
CCK
109
Trypsin cleaves ____
Zymogens (precursors for enzymes)
110
Pancreatic enzymes operate at a slightly ____ pH
Basic
111
Nephrons are located in the ____
Kidneys
112
Facilitates absorption in kidney
Peritubular capillaries
113
Having _____ blood pressure can lead to kidney failure over time
Elevated
114
Concentrated urine is ____ to blood
Hypertonic
115
Cleans blood plasma
Nephron
116
Increases potassium in urine
Aldosterone
117
Drugs that increase urine production
Diuretics
118
Hormones that determine which genes are transcribed into nuclei & rate of transcription
Corticosteroids
119
Corticosteroids that increase blood glucose levels (promote gluconeogenesis)
Glucocorticoids
120
Connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus
Infundibulum
121
Another name for growth hormone
Somatotropin
122
The thyroid maintains/increases efficiency of the _____
Metabolism
123
T3 is ____ more potent than T4
Five times
124
Bulge in neck caused by issues with thyroid (increase or decrease)
Goiter
125
Beta cells in pancreas produce/secrete _____
Insulin
126
Decreases calcium concentration
Calcitonin
127
Increases calcium concentration/stimulates excretion of phosphate in kidneys
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
128
Releases bile into small intestine
Cholecystokinin
129
Cap part of sperm
Acrosome
130
After menopause, estrogen and progesterone levels ____ and a woman cannot _____
Decline, ovulate
131
Eggs can be fertilized _____ after ovulation
12-24 hours
132
Plan B is most effective if taken ____ after intercourse
3 days (72 hours)
133
The nervous system of an embryo is formed by week ___
3
134
Condition caused by neural tube not closing properly during development
Spina bifida
135
Reduces chances of Spina bifida during pregnancy
Folic acid
136
Transfers nutrients from mother to fetus
Chorion
