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Medical Science 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes an infectious disease?

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

What causes a non-infectious disease?

A

Bad nutrition, aging, genetics, mental health disorders, chemical deficiencies, environmental disease

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3
Q

Define a disease

A

A disorder of structure or function in an organism

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4
Q

Define a pathogen

A

Anything that causes an infectious disease

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5
Q

Define a virus

A

A nucleic acid in a protein coat that is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host

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6
Q

Define a bacteria

A

Unicellular organism with a cell wall but no nucleus

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7
Q

Define a fungus

A

Unicellular or multicellular organism with a cell wall and nucleus but no chloroplasts

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8
Q

Define a host

A

An animal or plant that nourishes a parasite

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9
Q

Define a symptom

A

Outward evidence of a disease

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10
Q

Define transmission

A

the transfer of a pathogen from one host to another

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11
Q

Define a vector

A

A carrier organism that transfers a pathogen from one host to another host of the same species

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12
Q

Define a fomite

A

A non-living object that can transfer a pathogen from one host to another of the same species

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13
Q

Define an antiobiotic

A

A medicine that slows the growth or destroys bacteria

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13
Q

Define an inflammatory response

A

The body’s response to tissue injury in order to remove the cause, clear away dead cells and initiate tissue repair; characterised by pain, redness, swelling, warmth, and loss of function

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14
Q

Define a phagocyte

A

Type of cell in the immune system capable of engulfing another cell

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15
Q

Define an antigen

A

A chemical, usually a protein, cpabale of triggering the immmune response, especially the production of an anitbody

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16
Q

Define an antibody

A

A specific protein that binds to a sepcific antigen that neutralises the antigen and leads to it’s destruction

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17
Q

Define a vaccination

A

Preventative treatment with an altered antigen in order to produce immunity against a disease

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18
Q

Define an endemic

A

Disease is always present at a constant level in a partcular place (e.g. chicken pox)

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19
Q

Define an epidemic

A

A sudden increase in the level of infection in a particular place (e.g. common cold)

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20
Q

Define a pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread across a large area, like countires and continents (e.g. COVID-19)

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21
Q

Define an outbreak

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A

The sudden occurence of a disease in a community or in a certain area in greater numbers than expected

22
Q

Define a risk factor

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A

Any characteristic of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease

23
Q

list all 6 types of pathogens

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A
  1. parasites (tapeworm)
  2. protozoa (malaria)
  3. fungi (athletes foot)
  4. prokaryote (leprosy)
  5. virus (AIDS)
  6. prion (CJD)
24
Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for Poliomyelitis
Pathogen - Polio virus Symptoms and signs - paralysis, fatigue, fever, muscle weakness, nausea Transmission - Contact (saliva) and faeces Treatment - pain relievers, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs
25
Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for Helicobacter plyori infection
Pathogen - Carcinogen bacteria (prokaryote) Symptoms and Signs - an ache or burning in the stomach, loss of apetite, bloating, weight loss Transmission - contact (saliva or vomit) and faeces Treatment - a combination of antibiotics
26
Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for oral thrush
Pathogen - candidiasisis fungi Symptoms and Signs - creamy white lesions on the tounge, inner cheek, roof of mouth, gums or tonsils Transmission - contact (saliva) and contaminated food Treatment - anti-fungal medication
27
Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for malaria
Pathogen - plasmodium protozoa Symptoms and Signs - chills, fever, pain in the abdomen or muscles, shivering, sweating, mental confusion Transmission - the bite of an infected female mosquito, blood and tissues Treatment - chloroquine
28
Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, method of transmission and treatments for head lice
Pathogen - macroparasite Symptoms and Signs - itching scalp, visible lice, lice eggs on hair Transmission - contact (hair) Treatment - medicated shampoos for combing and removing lice
29
List 8 physical and chemical barriers
1. mucus traps pathogens and dust and produces antibodies (c & p) 2. nose hair traps pathogens and larger particles (p) 3. cilia beats out pathogens (p) 4. sebaceous glands secrete acid that kills bacteria and pathogens & skin is physical barrier (c & p) 5. stomach acid kills pathogens on food (c) 6. intestinal fauna keeps good bacteria that destroy bad bacteria (c) 7. bladder frequent urination prevents bacteria buildup (p) 8. duodenum changes pH to destroy pathogens (c)
30
Describe the steps of the inflammatory response
1. pathogens/bacteria enter the body 2. mast cells are activated and produce histamines 3. histamines cause vasodilation to increase the blood flow to bring more phagocytes 4. Permeability of the blood vessels increase which allows the phagocytes to enter the tissue fluid causing redness and heat
31
Describe the steps of phagocytosis
1. phagocyte recognises the pathogen as foreign 2. bacteria is engulfed and stored in phagosome 3. lysosome releases digestive enzymes into the phagosome 4. enzymes digest the bacteria and rip it to pieces 5. remains of the bacteria are removed by exocytosis
32
What is this process?
Phagocytosis
33
What are the types of B Lymphocytes?
Plasma B cell and Memory B cell
34
What do plasma B cells do?
They produce antibodies that are specific to an antigen and prevent pathogens from entering cells & causes them to clump together (neutralises pathogens)
35
What do Memory B cells do?
They remember the antigen on the pathogen and release specific antibodies so that next time it can be destroyed before you're sick
36
What are the types of T Lymphocytes?
Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and Memory T cells
37
What do helper T cells do?
alert the immune system of infection by releasing cytokines
38
What do Cytotoxic T cells do?
kill/destroy infected cells by releasing chemicals that cause the cell to lysis
39
What is lysis?
The breaking down of the membrane of a cell
40
What are the lines of defence in order?
1. physical and chemical barriers 2. inflammatory response and phagocytosis 3. the immune response
41
Outline the steps of how a vaccine works
1. you are injected with a small amount of dead or inactive pathogens 2. Helper T cells signal the immune system of antigens by releasing cytokines 3. Plasma B cells detect the pathogen and release antibodies specific to the pathogen that destroys it 4. Your body produces memory B and T cells 5. Your body now knows how to destroy the pathogen before you get sick
42
Why did the first polio vaccine cause problems?
One batch was made incorrectly causing people to get sick/die
43
Describe how each polio vaccine was made
The first one was made by inactivating the polio virus with the chemical formaldehyde. The second was made using weakened viruses.
44
Outline the pathogen, symptoms and signs, transmission and treatment for COVID-19
Pathogen - SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Signs and symptoms - cough, fever, sore throat, difficulty breathing, loss of taste/smell Transmission - Contact (bodily fluids) and air Treatment - Self care, but vaccine can prevent
45
Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for coronary heart disease
Cause/Risk factor - Obesity, smoking, alcohol/drugs, high cholesterol, genetics Symtoms and signs - Pain in the left side of the chest, indigestion, nausea, fast heart rate, shortness of breath Prevention/treatment - Having a balanced diet, stopping substance abuse, exercise more, medication, angioplasty
46
Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for Mesothelioma
Cause/Risk factor - Asbestos exposure Symtoms and signs - Pain in the chest or ribs, fatigue, night sweats, coughing, shortness of breath Prevention/treatment - Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, staying away from asbestos
47
Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for Depression
Cause/Risk factor - Genetics, drug/alcohol use, stressful events, illness, loneliness, personality, giving birth Symtoms and signs - Anxiety, intense sadness, apathy, not enough or excess sleep, mood swings, irritability, lack of or excess hunger Prevention/treatment - Medication, therapy, being social, reaching out to trusted people, stopping substance abuse
48
Outline the Cause/Risk Factors, Symptoms and Signs, and Prevention/Treatment for Obesity
Cause/Risk factor - Unhealthy eating, lack of exercise, genetics, smoking, medication, alcohol Symtoms and signs - Pain in the back or joints, overweight, binge eating, fatigue, pot belly Prevention/treatment - Having a balanced diet, stopping substance abuse, exercise more, diet, exercise
49
What is a neutrophil?
A phagocyte that works in blood circulation
50
What is a macrophage?
A phagocyte which works in tissue
51
Label the pathogens from left to right
Parasite, protozoa, fungi, prokaryote, virus, prion
52
What do Memory T cells do?
They remember the antigen in order to start the immune response faster

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