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AUDE 5410 > medical terminology > Flashcards

medical terminology Flashcards

1
Q

horizontal plane

A

divides top to bottom
divides superior and inferior

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2
Q

coronal plane

A

divides front and back

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3
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides side to side
divides left to right

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4
Q

why are medical lab tests helpful?

A

-Lab tests are helpful in evaluating the health status of an individual

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5
Q

what is the percentage of people falling in the normal range and the percentage of falling on the outside of the normal range ?

A
  • 95% of healthy patients fall within the normal range
    -5% of healthy patients fall outside the normal range
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6
Q

why might someone have an abnormal or outside the normal range of lab test?

A

-Race
-Diet
-Age
-Gender
-Menstrual cycle
-Degree of physical activity
-Problems with collection/handling of the
specimen
-Use of non-prescription drugs
-Use of prescription drugs
-Alcohol intake
-Illnesses

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7
Q

why might blood test be used for ?

A

-Blood sugar levels
-Cholesterol levels
-Infections
-Electrolyte (potassium, chloride, etc.)
imbalance
-Minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphate)
-Hemoglobin levels
-Cardiac function
-Renal function
-Hepatic function
-Markers for some diseases such as cancers and arthritis
-Genetic tests

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8
Q

why might genetic testing might be used in humans ?

A

-Diagnose/rule out a genetic condition
-Diagnose/rule out viral infection such as the
novel Corona virus
-Presymptomatic or predictive testing
-Identifies the presence of variant genes that
cause disease or increase disease risk, even
if someone appears to be healthy
-Establish risk factors for inherited diseases
-Establish paternity
-Prenatal diagnosis of genetic conditions
-Medico-legal cases
-Pharmacogenomics testing to predict the
response to certain medications
-Transplantation testing to determine
whether an organ or tissue is a match for
the transplant between a donor and
recipient

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9
Q

urine test/analysis are used to detect ?

A

-Urinary tract infection
-Kidney and bladder disease
-Drug use/abuse, etc.

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10
Q

radiologic or magnetic imaging are most common in:

A

-X-Rays
-CT (computerized tomography) scan
-MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

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11
Q

biopsy are part of what testing?

A

Radiographic or Magnetic Imaging

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12
Q

what is biopsy?

A

It is an examination of tissue, such as liver, bone, and tumors, removed from the body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease

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13
Q

which imaging uses radiation and which one doesn’t ?

A

MRI doesn’t have radiation
CT scan does include radiation

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14
Q

what type of radiation are xrays ?

A

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, like visible light

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15
Q

how do x rays work?

A

-Unlike light, x-rays have higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body
-Medical x-rays are used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body
-If x-rays travelling through the body also pass through an x-ray detector on the other side of the patient, an image will be formed that represents the “shadows” formed by the objects inside the body

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16
Q

what is not visible in xrays ?

A

soft tissue is not easily or clearly visible on xrays

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17
Q

how do xrays work pt 2

A

-In a standard radiograph such as a skull x-ray, the object to be imaged is placed between a source of x-rays and a sheet of x-ray sensitive film
-The structures within the object (such as the bones of the skull) weaken or attenuate the x-rays as they pass through
-The result is a projection of the 3-dimensional object onto the 2-dimensional film
-Since bone attenuates x-rays much more strongly than air or soft tissue, bony structures are well depicted on radiographs
-Bony abnormalities, such as fractures, are fairly easy to see but the image is not as sharp as a CT scan

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18
Q

what is a ct scan

A

A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around the body
they’relike x rays but more detailed

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19
Q

what provides more information? a ct scan or x rays ?

A

CT scan images provide more-detailed information than plain X-rays do
-because of that, ct scans have more radiation than x rays

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20
Q

why are CT scans used ?

A

CT is used to diagnose disease or injury, and to plan medical, surgical, or radiation treatment

21
Q

can CT be done with or without contrast material?

A

it can be done with both

22
Q

how do contrast material look like in x rays ?

A

it appears white, it helps look at blood vessels and intestines and ither structure

Contrast material blocks X-rays and appears white on images, which can help emphasize blood vessels, intestines, or other structures

23
Q

contrast material can cause what type of reactions in humans?

A

an allergic reaction

contrast material, such as iodine based material, can cause an allergic reaction

24
Q

CT scan can depend on what

A

depends on the density of the tissue

25
Q

what do air, fat, fluid and bone look like on a ct scan ?

A

Air is black
Fat is more black
Fluid, blood, muscle, and soft tissues are shades of grey
Bone is white

26
Q

what are some advantages of a CT scan?

A

-Usually, a higher resolution than X-ray or MRI
-Bone is seen better with CT for example, ossicles
-Bone and air are well differentiated with CT
-It is cheaper and faster in comparison to an MRI
-Better tolerated
-there’s better resolution for bone

27
Q

what are some disadvantages of CT scan ?

A

-poorradiation
-can’t see soft tissue
-can only see horizontal plane
-more adverse reaction to iodine- based contrast which can cause an allergic reaction and renal problems

-Ionizing radiation; same risk as X-rays (MAIN ONE)
-Metal can present as artifact
-Poorer soft tissue contrast, for example, nerves
-More adverse reactions to the IV CT iodine-based contrast material used; greater risk of allergic reactions and renal problems (another main one)
-CT images are acquired only in the axial/horizontal plane

28
Q

how do MRI’s work?

A

-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines use extremely powerful magnets combined with electromagnetic fields and coils which produce radio waves, to produce detailed images of organs and tissues in the body
-based on magnitizing properties of atomic nuclei

-MRI is based on the magnetization properties of atomic nuclei
-Noise is created when magnetic fields are cycled on and off and when magnets exert an opposing force to each other (there are several magnets in each MRI machine)

29
Q

what are the different types of t weighted MRI

A

1)T1-weighted MRI
2)T2-weighted MRI

30
Q

what are T1-weighted MRI and T2-weighted MRI

A

they are different contrast images in magnetic resonance image types

31
Q

what is T1-weighted MRI

A

enhances fat and suppresses water

Enhances the signal of the fatty tissue and suppresses the signal of the water

32
Q

what is T2-weighted MRI

A

Enhances the signal of the water

33
Q

t1 and t2 can be easily differentiated by looking at what ?

A

the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

34
Q

how do t1 and t2 look like on imaging ?

A

CSF is dark on T1-weighted imaging and
T2-weighted imaging is bright

35
Q

how does fat and fluid appear like on t1

A

Fat is bright and fluid is dark on T1

36
Q

how does fluid look like on t2

A

bright

37
Q

why might t2 be more preferred ?

A

1) ideal to pick up tissue edema
2) it allows visualization of neural activity in the brain by picking up areas of increased blood flow

38
Q

how might bone and are look on t1 and t2 ?

A

dark

39
Q

how might bone marrow look like on t1

A

bright

40
Q

An MRI is a unit of measure used to what ?

A

The unit of measurement used to quantify the strength of a magnetic field in an MRI machine is called a Tesla (T)

41
Q

what is the most common tesla ?

A

1.5 T

42
Q

how do CI and MRI work together ?

A

-you can use it with a 1.5T tesla magnent, but you have to put on a cochlear nucleus implant bandage and a splint kit to protect it
- if you use it with a 3 Tesla MRI, then you have to remove the ci magnent

-1.5T Tesla MRI with the magnet in place using the Cochlear Nucleus Implant Bandage and Splint Kit
-Up to 3 Tesla MRI with the CI magnet removed

43
Q

how do BAHA and MRI work together ?

A

-Newer devices approved for a up to 3.0 Tesla
-The Baha Sound Processor removed prior to the procedure

44
Q

how might audiotory brainstem implant and MRI work together ?

A

-The ABI is designed to be MRI compatible
-The implant has a removable magnet and specific characteristics designed to withstand resonance imaging up to 1.5 Tesla
-If the magnet is still in place, tissue damage may occur if the recipient is exposed to MRI, and MRI is then contraindicated

45
Q

what are the advantages of MRI

A

-MRI is one of the most used tests in neurology and neurosurgery
-MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast
-The contrast material detection is superior to the CT scan
-no radiation
-less allergic reactions and renal problems
-see all three planes; (horizontal), sagittal, and coronal

-The posterior fossa is more easily visualized on MRI than CT
-No ionizing radiation required; no radiation risks
-Non-invasive
-More sensitive for tumor detection and detection of small soft tissue structures than CT scan
-Detection of acute ischemic stroke (within 12 hours of onset)
-Sensitive to detection of old blood, e.g., hemorrhagic strokes

46
Q

what are the disadvantages of MRI

A

-Expensive
-It cannot distinguish between air and compact bone
-Longer exam time than CT - no movement for 3 to 7 minutes
-Metal artifacts :
–contradictions, implanted electrical devices such as pace makers, CI and auditory brainstem implant
-lower tesla can be used or magnets can be removed when possible
-Patients may suffer from claustrophobia
-Although open MRI units are available, they may not be as sensitive

47
Q

when should you use and MRI?

A

Acoustic neuroma - MRI is superior
Nerve visualization – MRI is superior

48
Q

when should you use CT scan ?

A

-Congenital bony anomalies, dehiscence, bone lesions (osteospongiosis), otosclerosis - CT is superior
-Trauma such as skull fractures - CT

49
Q
A

AUDE 5410 (9 decks)

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