Medical Terminology Flashcards
(294 cards)
1
Q
Aarskog Syndrome
A
Also know as Aarskog-Scott syndrome, this is a genetic condition characterized by ocular hypertelorism, or eyes that are spaced abnormally wide, anteverted nostrils, or nostrils that are front facing, malformation of the scrotum which is referred to as saddle-bag scrotum, a broadening of the
upper lip, a backward bending of the knees due to a laxity in the ligaments, abnormally extensible
fingers, and flat feet.
2
Q
Abdominal Actinomycosis
A
This is a type of actinomycosis affecting the abdomen. Actinomycosis is a disease that cattle get and
can be communicated to humans.
3
Q
Abdominal Aortic Aneurism
A
A widening and ballooning of the aorta as it runs through the abdomen. At the point of the aneurysm,
which can measure up to 3 cm in diameter, or even more, the wall of the aorta becomes weak and
can even rupture, leading to catastrophic consequences.
4
Q
Abdominal Bracing
A
A technique wherein the muscles of the stomach are tensed in order to provide spinal support.
5
Q
Abdominal Cavity
A
The cavity in the abdomen which contains all the internal organs and entrails. The diaphragm
separates this area from the thorax in mammals.
6
Q
Abdominocentesis
A
Puncturing the abdomen with a hollow needle in order to draw fluid to carry out diagnosis.
7
Q
Abdominoplasty
A
Also referred to as Tummy Tuck, Abdominoplasty is a cosmetic surgical procedure which tightens the
abdominal skin, smoothening out wrinkles .
8
Q
Abdominal Hysterectomy
A
A surgical procedure wherein an incision is made in the abdomen to remove the uterus.
9
Q
Abdominoscopy
A
A surgical procedure using a laparoscope. This is inserted into the abdomen, through a small incision,
in order to carry out an examination of the area. The procedure is also known as laparoscopy or
endoscopy. It helps to keep the surgical procedure minimally invasive.
10
Q
Abductor Spasmodic
Dysphonia
A
A condition wherein sudden spasms in the muscle results in causing the vocal cords to remain open.
This causes a break in the voice, or the voice having a strained, tight, or strangled quality.
11
Q
Ablation
A
Surgically removing a part of the body or tissue
12
Q
Ablative Therapy
A
A kind of treatment wherein an organ’s function is either removed or destroyed. For example, the
ovaries being surgically removed, or administering some kinds of chemotherapy which results in
stopping the ovaries from functioning.
13
Q
Absorption
A
The process wherein nutrients are absorbed by the body from food after digestion
14
Q
Accessory Digestive Organs
A
Organs, such as salivary glands, tongue, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, which aid the digestion
process, although they do not belong to the digestive tract.
15
Q
Accessory Movement
A
Movements of the joints which patients cannot perform in isolation or voluntarily.
16
Q
Accommodation
A
The eye’s ability to focus by automatically adjusting the focal length of its lens.
17
Q
Acetylcholine
A
A neurotransmitter which is derived from choline. It helps in transmitting signals from the nerves.
18
Q
Acquired Deafness
A
Hearing Loss which develops later in life.
19
Q
Acquired Hemochromatosis
A
An accumulation of iron in tissues which occurs due to repeated blood transfusions, or when iron-rich
foods are consumed excessively. It is characterized by the bronzing of skin, diabetes mellitus,
enlargement of the liver, and abnormalcies in the joints and the pancreas.
20
Q
Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
A
A disease that occurs due to being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. It damages
or kills the immune system’s cells, which leads to the progressive impairment of the ability of the body
in fighting infections or certain types of cancers. The disease is usually spread by coming into sexual
contact with a partner having the infection or through contaminated hypodermic needles. When the
HIV infection reaches advanced stages, it is referred to as AIDS.
21
Q
Acquired Immunity
A
Immunity to certain diseases, which is not present at birth, but is acquired later in life. The immunity
can occur due to the body developing antibodies because of being infected by a disease, by
vaccination, or by antibodies being passed to an unborn child through the placenta.
22
Q
Action Tremor
A
A tremor which increases if the hand is moved voluntarily.
23
Q
Adenocarcinoma
A
The development of cancer in the inner surface or lining of any organ.
24
Q
Adenoma
A
A non-malignant epithelial growth or tumor in the tissues of a gland.
25
Amsler Grid
This is a chart containing vertical and horizontal lines. These lines form a pattern of small boxes.
Patients with macular degeneration that is age-related can use this chart to self-monitor their vision.
26
Arthralgia
Pain in a joint.
27
Balance Disorder
A disorder in the labyrinth, or the internal organ in the ear, which controls the system of balance and
lets humans know how their bodies are positioned in relation to the environment.
28
Balloon Angioplasty
A procedure that is used for widening arteries which are narrowed. A catheter, which has a deflated
balloon attached to its tip, is inserted in that part of the artery that is narrowed, and is then inflated.
This results in dilating the artery.
29
Barium
A chalky, chemical, metallic liquid which is used for coating the inner parts of organs so that they
become visible on x-ray pictures.
30
Basal Body Temperature
The temperature of an individual taken early in the morning, after a night's sleep, prior to any activity
such as getting off the bed, talking, eating, etc.
31
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
BMR is the measurement of the energy that is required for the body to function at rest. The
measurement is made in calories. There is an increase in the metabolic rate when there is exertion,
fear, stress, or illness.
32
Beta Blocker
A drug that is used in the treatment of arrhythmia or hypertension (high blood pressure). It decreases
the contraction rate of the heart by blocking the beta-andregenic receptors of the autonomic nervous
system.
33
Beta Cells
Clusters of insulin making cells located in the pancreas known as the islets of Langerhans.
34
Biarthrodial Muscles
Muscles spanning across two joints which help in the functioning of those joints.
35
Bilateral
Affecting two sides of the body. For instance, cancer that occurs in both breasts is known as bilateral
breast cancer. It is referred to as synchronous if it occurs at the same time, and metachronous if it
occurs at different times.
36
Biliary Tract
Also known as the biliary tree or biliary system, it includes the bile ducts and the gallbladder.
37
Binocular Vision
Vision involving the ability of using both eyes synchronously, which results in producing a single
image.
38
Biologic Response Modifiers
Substances which boost the immune system of the body in order to combat cancer.
39
Bismuth Subsalicylate
A non-prescription medication for treating diarrhea, indigestion, nausea, and heartburn. It is also used
for treatment of ulcers that are caused by a bacterium known as the Helicobacter pylori.
40
Blink Rate
The rate at which the eyelids blink automatically per minute (usually it is 10-30 times a minute).
41
Blood Plasma
The colorless watery part of the blood which contains blood cells, nutrients, proteins, glucose,
enzymes, minerals, and other matter.
42
Blood Pressure Cuff
Also known as the sphygmomanometer, this device is usually put around the upper arm for
measuring blood pressure.
43
Blood-Brain Barrier
The membrane which separates the brain cells and the circulating blood.
44
Body Fat Percentage
See what does body fat percentage mean.
45
Body Mass Index (BMI)
A number which is derived by using measurements of height and weight, which is indicative of
whether the weight is within a range that is considered healthy.
46
Bone Density Test
A test used for measuring the density and strength of bones. It is usually used for determining
whether there is a risk of osteoporosis developing.
47
CA-125 Test
A blood test for detecting elevated levels of CA-125, which is a protein antigen, which can be
indicative of the development of ovarian cancer, and other disorders.
48
Calcium Channel Blocker
A medicinal drug used for treating heart disease.
49
Calculi
Solid lumps or stones which for in the body, e.g., gallstones.
50
Cancellous Tissue
The spongy tissue within bones.
51
Cancer
Cells which divide abnormally, invading tissues nearby, or spread via the lymphatic system and blood
stream to other areas in the body.
52
Candidiasis
An infection that is caused by fungi of the genus Candida. It exists normally in the gastrointestinal
tract. An infection usually occurs when the fungus suddenly overgrows because of surgery or some
other changes in the body.
53
Capsule
The cell layer that surrounds an organ, e.g. the prostate gland's capsule.
54
Carcinogen
A cancer causing substance.
55
Cardiac
Anything that pertains to the heart, e.g. cardiac arrest, which means the cessation of heartbeat.
56
Cardiology
The branch of medical study and practice dealing with the heart and its maladies.
57
Caroli's Disease
This is a congenital condition wherein there is an enlargement of the liver's bile ducts, which can cause
infection, irritation, or gallstones.
58
Cathartics
Purgative medicines, also called laxatives, which stimulate the emptying of the bowels.
59
Catheter
A flexible tube utilized for draining fluids from the body, or injecting them into the body. For example,
the Foley catheter is used for draining urine out of the bladder.
60
Cecostomy
A catheter that is inserted through the abdomen into the cecum, or the beginning of the large
intestine in order to remove feces or gas. This is particularly useful as a short term method of
protecting a portion of the colon while healing after surgery. It is also used by patients suffering from
fecal incontinence by administering a small amount of phosphate enema, and then a saline enema, in
order to evacuate feces from the large intestine completely.
61
Cellular Pathology
Also known as cytopathology, it is the study of the alteration of cells in disease.
62
Central Auditory Processing
| Disorder
The inability of people with normal intelligence and hearing to recognize, understand, or differentiate
sounds.
63
Cerebral Embolism
A blood clot that is carried by the blood stream from some other area of the body to the brain where
it causes blockage of an artery.
64
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding inside the brain.
65
Cerebral Thrombosis
A blood clot forming in an artery which carries blood to the brain.
66
See what is Chelation Therapy
a therapy for mercury or lead poisoning that binds the toxins in the bloodstream by circulating a chelating solution.
67
Chemosensory Disorders
Diseases or disorders of taste and/or smell.
68
Chlorhydria
Excessive hydrochloric acid inside the stomach.
69
Cholecystitis
The inflammation of the wall of the gallbladder
70
Cholethiasis
The gallbladder having gallstones inside it.
71
Chorea
The body moving in a rapid, dance-like, jerky manner because of a degenerative nervous disorder.
72
Chronic Depression (Dysthymia)
is less severe and has fewer symptoms than major depression
73
Compound Fracture
A fracture in which a bone is sticking through the skin. Also known as an open fracture.
74
Corticosteroids
Hormones that are anti-inflammatory which are produced in the body naturally or are made
synthetically to be used as drugs. Prednisone is one of the most common drugs of this kind which is
prescribed to treat arthritis, and also as an immunosuppressant.
75
Cranioplasty
Cranioplasty is a surgical repair of a defect or deformity of a skull.
76
Cytotechnologist
```
A cytotechnologist (CT) is alaboratory specialist who is responsible for examining human cell samples
under the microscope
```
77
Debridement
Surgically removing damaged, infected, or infected tissue and/or foreign matter from a burn or
wound.
78
Decibel
The unit for measuring the loudness or intensity of sound.
79
Deciduous Teeth
also known as, Baby teeth are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and other diphyodont mammals.
80
Defibrillator
An electronic machine used for administering an electric shock, of a voltage that is preset, on the
chest, for restoring the normal rhythmic beating of the heart.
81
Deja Vu
a feeling of having already experienced the present situation.
82
Delusions
A condition wherein the patient loses his/her ability to discern reality, experiencing mis-perceptions
and hallucinations.
83
Dental Amalgams
Also known as silver fillings, this is a mixture of 45-50 percent of mercury and 50-55 percent of an alloy
made of tin, copper, and silver, which is used for repairing teeth that are decayed.
84
Dental Fluorosis
A condition caused by drinking water that has too much fluoride in it. It results in teeth becoming
discolored, with the enamel getting stained, pitted, or spotted.
85
Depth Perception
The ability of distinguishing physical objects in a field of vision
86
Dermatopathology
Making a diagnosis of skin diseases by studying the skin.
87
Diastolic Blood Pressure
The lowest measure of blood pressure in the arteries, occurring between heartbeats.
88
Digestants
Medicines which stimulate or aid digestion.
89
Dilation And Curettage (D & C)
A gynecological surgical procedure wherein the cervical canal is widened with the help of a dilator and
a curette is used to scrape the uterine cavity.
90
Diplopia
An impairment of the vision which results in a single object appearing as double objects.
91
Disc Herniation (Herniated Disc or Bulging Disc)
Also referred to as slipped disc, disc bulge, or disc prolapse, it is a condition wherein
the tissue separating the vertebral bones of the spine gets ruptured. When this happens, it usually
creates pressure on the spinal nerves, thus causing pain, numbness or weakness in the arm and neck.
92
Distention
Swelling or bloating of any part of the body like the abdomen.
93
Diuretic
A medication that increases the formation of urine so that the body can get rid of excessive fluids. The
term 'diuretic' is derived from the Greek 'dia', which means 'thoroughly', and 'ourein', which means 'to
urinate'. Diuretics are also used to reduce blood pressure because of this reason.
94
Diverticulosis
A condition wherein small bulging pouches, or diverticula, form in the weak areas of the colon, which
can become infected and inflamed, and can even lead to certain kinds cancer.
95
Dopamine
A chemical, which is a neurotransmitter, in the brain which regulates balance, movement, and
walking.
96
Down Syndrome
a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature and a broad facial profile. It arises from a defect involving chromosome 21, usually an extra copy (trisomy-21).
97
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
A technique of imaging using low doses of radiation to check the density of bone in order to
diagnose osteoporosis.
98
Durable Power of Attorney
A legal document which designates a member of the family or a friend whom you appoint as your
guardian in the event of you being unable make medically related decisions for yourself.
99
Earwax
A yellow, waxy substance secreted by the glands located in the ear canal, also called cerumen, which
protects from getting infected by keeping the skin dry.
100
Eczema
A condition wherein the skin gets inflamed causing itching and, often, even scaling, crusting, or blisters
sometimes.
101
Edema
Swelling caused by the accumulation of excessive fluid in tissues, cells, or serous cavities.
102
Ejection Fraction
Measurement of the amount of blood that is pumped out from the ventricles.
103
Elective Surgery
An operation that is not required but which an individual opts for. It is also referred to as Optional
Surgery.
104
Eletrocardiogram (EKG OR ECG)
A test used for recording the heart's electrical activity. It is helpful for detecting damage of the heart
muscle, and also shows abnormalities in the rhythms, also known as dysrhythmia or arrhythmia.
105
Electrocoagulation
Using high-frequency electric current, which is applied by a needle or metal instrument, to coagulate
(clot) blood in order to stop bleeding.
106
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Administering a controlled amount of electric current to the brain inducing mild convulsions. This
technique is used for treating psychiatric illnesses such as severe depression.
107
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
Measuring changes in the rate of perspiration.
108
Electromyogram (EMG)
A test used for evaluating muscle and nerve function.
109
Electrosurgery
Destroying cancer cells or any other tissue, such as warts, by using high-frequency current.
110
Embolus
A particle, such as a blood clot or an air bubble, in the blood stream.
111
Encephalitis
The brain infected with a virus which results in inflammation. Some of the symptoms of this condition
are headache, pain in the neck, nausea, drowsiness, and fever.
112
Endarterectomy
Surgically removing blood clots or plaque in arteries.
113
Endocardium
The membrane covering the surface inside the heart.
114
Endocervical Curettage (ECC)
A procedure wherein a narrow instrument, known as a curette, is used for scraping the endocervical
canal's lining. This kind of biopsy usually is done along with colposcopic biopsy.
115
Endodontist
Also referred to as a Pulp Specialist, an Endodontist specializes in root canal treatment.
116
Endometrium
The mucous membrane that lines the uterus' inner surface, which thickens during each cycle of
menstruation, and is shed in the menstrual blood.
117
Endorphins
Neurochemicals that occur naturally in the brain, which have pain killing properties, and are usually
produced when the body experiences physical stress.
118
Endoscopy Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
A procedure involving the insertion of a viewing tube, or endoscope, into
the small intestine via the stomach. A special kind of dye is injected, which shows the biliary system's
ducts.
119
Extrinsic Asthma
Asthma that gets triggered due to an allergic reaction, generally because of something inhaled.
120
Fallopian Tubes
Two tubes extending from either side of the uterus, going towards the ovaries, which act as a
passageway for eggs.
121
False Negative Report
A report that shows negative results, although it is actually positive.
122
False Positive Report
A report that shows positive results, although it is actually negative.
123
Fatty Liver
Also known as Steatosis, this is a condition wherein certain fats, like triglycerides, accumulate in the
liver, which usually occurs because of alcoholic cirrhosis, or due to certain toxins, or pregnancy.
124
Fecal Incontinence
The inability to hold stools in the rectum or colon, which results in involuntary bowel movements
occurring.
125
Fecal Occult Blood Test
A test to check for cancer of the rectum or colon by examining if there is hidden blood in the stools.
126
Festination
Quickening the gait and shortening the stride involuntarily in order to maintain balance. This condition
occurs due to certain diseases, such as Parkinson's disease.
127
Fibrillation
The fibers of the heart muscle contracting rapidly, in an uncoordinated manner. Unless it is stopped,
this condition can be fatal.
128
Fibroadenoma
Firm and movable lumps in the breast, which are noncancerous. They occur commonly in young
women because of high estrogen levels.
129
Fibroids
Benign growths that contain fibrous tissue, which usually occur in the uterus.
130
Fibrosis
The formation of scar tissue which can be caused due to injury, inflammation, infection, and even
healing.
131
Fibrositis
A protracted process of disease which occurs intermittently and has no underlying pathological cause.
132
Fine Needle Aspiration
Using a hollow, narrow needle to extract tissue.
133
Flexor Muscle
Any muscle used for bending a limb or any other part of the body.
134
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
A hormone that the pituitary gland secretes which helps in stimulating the formation and
development of eggs in women and sperm in men. It also induces the production of sex hormone in
both women and men.
135
Food Intolerance
An adverse reaction to certain foods wherein the immune system is not involved, such as lactose
intolerance.
136
Free Skin Graft
Taking healthy skin from one area of the body to be grafted on other areas where the skin is damaged
or lost.
137
Frozen Shoulder
Also known as 'capsulitis', this is a condition wherein the connective tissue of the shoulder gets stiff,
thus severely restricting movement of the joint. While this is sometimes caused due to injury, often it
occurs spontaneously, without any obvious trigger factors.
138
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
An infertility treatment wherein the eggs are removed from the ovaries of a woman and
combined with her partner's or a donor's sperm, and then placing both the sperm and eggs in her
fallopian tube for fertilization to take place.
139
Ganglion
A collection of nerve cells which are encapsulated in a neural structure.
140
Ganglion Cysts
Non-cancerous cysts which are filled with fluid occur commonly as lumps, usually on the back portion
of the wrist.
141
Gardner's Syndrome
A condition wherein there is formation of a large number of polyps in the digestive tract
142
Gastric Juices
Fluids that are secreted in the stomach, which consist mainly of mucin and hydrochloric acid, along
with the enzymes rennin, pepsin, and lipase, which help in breaking down food and killing bacteria
143
Gastrocolic Reflex
An increase in the movement of muscles in the gastrointestinal tract on food entering the stomach
when it is empty. This often results in the urge for bowel movement soon after consuming food.
144
Gastroenteritis
Infection and inflammation of the digestive tract, that could be caused by parasites or bacteria from
unclean water or spoiled food, or consuming food which causes irritation to the lining of the stomach,
or emotional reasons like stress, fear, or anger.
145
Gastroenterology
The study of the stomach, intestines and associated diseases.
146
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Also termed as digestive tract or alimentary tract, this is a tube extending from the mouth right up to
the anus.
147
Gastronomy
An opening made artificially into the stomach through the wall of the abdomen for a feeding tube to
be inserted.
148
Gated Blood Pool Scan
A nuclear scan made to check for the amount of blood expelled with each beat of the heart and the
movement of the heart wall soon after a patient finishes walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary
bike.
149
General Anesthetic
An anesthetic used for anesthetizing the whole body and causing unconsciousness during surgery.
150
Genes
These are basic hereditary units, each having a specified place in the chromosomes of an individual.
The genes determine the color of the eyes, the type of hair, the height, etc. of each person, which
they inherit from their progenitors.
151
Genital Herpes
A disease that is transmitted sexually, which is caused by a virus called the herpes simplex.
152
Genu Valgum
A condition wherein the thighs slant inwards causing knock knees.
153
Genu Varum
A condition in which the legs are bowed outwards, either at the knees or below them, which is also
termed as 'bowed legs'.
154
Glucose
This is the body's primary source of energy. It is a sugar that is derived from metabolizing
carbohydrates, and is easily converted into energy.
155
Gluten Intolerance
A condition wherein wheat protein, or gluten, cannot be tolerated. People with this condition must
avoid grains that contain gluten such as wheat, barley, oats, and rye.
156
Gluteus Maximus
It is the outermost among the three gluteal, or buttock, muscles.
157
Glycogen
One of the forms in which the body stores fuel. It is stored mainly in the liver and is converted into
glucose when the body requires it.
158
Gonadotropins
This is a hormone that the pituitary gland secretes which stimulates the gonads where gametes, or sex
cells, are produced.
159
H2-Blockers
Medications that block histamine2 in order to inhibit the production of acid in the stomach.
160
Hair Cells
These are sensory cells located in the inner ear. They are topped by stereocilia, or hair-like anatomical
structures, which convert the mechanical energy that sound waves produce into nerve impulses.
161
Halitosis (Oral Malodor)
Also known as foetor oris, or stench in the mouth, or simply bad breath. These days it is referred to as
Oral Malodor.
162
Hallucinosis
A psychological condition wherein an individual hallucinates continuously.
163
Hallux Rigidus
A condition wherein the metatarsophalangeal joint, or the joint of the big toe, loses its range of
movement.
164
Hamstrings
Muscles that are found in the posterior part of the thighs.
165
Hay Fever
Also referred to as rhinitis, this is a seasonal condition that afflicts people who are allergic to pollen.
166
Headache, Primary
These types of headaches are not related to any underlying pathological causes. They include tension
induced headache, migraine, and cluster headache.
167
Headache, Secondary
This type of headache is caused by an underlying pathological reason. Also referred to as
inflammatory or traction headaches, they include any headache that has neoplastic, infectious, druginduced,
idiopathic, or vascular origins.
168
Heart Block
When the electrical impulses to the heart muscles are interrupted. This results in unconsciousness.
169
Heart Valve Prolapse
A condition wherein the heart valve remains open partially when it ought to be closed.
170
Heart-Lung Machine
A machine that maintains the circulation of blood, by diverting it, oxygenating it, and then pumping it
back into the body, during surgery of the heart.
171
Heberden's Nodes
Bony swellings which form around the joints, due to the degenerative effects of arthritis.
172
Hematopathology
Also referred to as Hemopathology, this is branch of study that deals with blood, the organs that
produce blood, bone marrow, and the diseases that affect them.
173
Hemorrhage
The medical word for excessive bleeding
174
Hemorrhoidectomy
Removing hemorrhoids surgically. Hemorrhoids are swellings inside or at the anal sphincter.
175
Hepatitis
The liver getting inflamed either due to a toxin or being infected by a virus
176
Hepatologist
A physician specializing in diseases of the liver.
177
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Also referred to as the 'good cholesterol', it helps in breaking down and removing 'bad' cholesterol
from the body.
178
Hippocratic Oath
The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians and other healthcare professionals
swearing to practice medicine ethically and honestly.
179
Histamine
A chemical that is released by the body due to an allergic reaction
180
Hormone Replacement
| Therapy (HRT)
Replacing female hormones such as progestin, which is the synthetic version of progesterone, and
estrogen, when women no longer produce them after menopause.
181
Hypothermia
A drop in body temperature during prolonged exposure to cold.
182
Ileal
Related to the lowest part of the small intestines, or the ileum.
183
Ileitis
Also known as Crohn's Disease, it is a condition wherein the ileum gets inflamed.
184
Imaging
A diagnostic procedure wherein pictures of the inner parts of the body are taken for making
evaluations
185
Immobilization
The prevention of movement in order to allow healing to take place.
186
Immune System
A network of special organs and cells which function together, defending the body from being
attacked by viruses and bacteria.
187
Immunoglobulins
Proteins and antibodies that are produced by the immune system's cells, found in the tissue fluids and
blood, which bind to anything they recognize as foreign antigens. Sometimes immunoglobulins bind
to substances that may not be a health threat.
188
Immunology
The study of the immune system of the body - how it functions and what are the disorders that affect
it
189
Immunosuppressive Medications
Medications which suppress the immune system of the body, usually used to minimize transplanted
organs from being rejected.
190
Immunotherapy
A therapy that is designed to make the body resistant to substances that it is allergic to like dust mites,
pollens, insect venom, and fungi by giving the person increasing doses of the allergen he/she is allergic
to. It is also a treatment wherein the natural defenses of the body to fight disease is used.
191
Impaction
An object trapped in a passage of the body, like hardened stool trapped in the colon or stones caught
in the bile duct.
192
Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)
A condition wherein blood sugar levels are elevated higher than normal, although not to the extent of
being diagnosed as diabetes. It is an indication of prediabetes or borderline diabetes.
193
Impedance Plethysmography
A test which evaluates the flow of blood through the leg.
194
In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
An infertility treatment wherein the egg from a woman is taken and fertilized in the laboratory with
either the sperm from her partner or a donor.
195
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Chronic problems causing the gastrointestinal tract to get inflamed, also resulting in ulcers. Some of
the common conditions are Crohn's Disease and colitis.
196
Informed Consent Form
A form which a patient signs before undergoing surgery, which states everything that the surgery
involves, including the risks.
197
Inotropic Medications
Medications which increase the strength of the heart's contractions.
198
Inspiration
Inhalation; Breathing in of oxygen.
199
Insulin
A hormone that the isles of Langerhans, located in the pancreas, secretes. Insulin regulates the
amount of glycogen stored in the liver and helps in accelerating the oxidation of sugar.
200
Insulin Dependent Diabetes (Type 1 Diabetes)
Also known as Type 1 Diabetes, this is a condition wherein the immune system of the body
destroys the insulin producing cells in the pancreas. Insulin is required by the body for cells to get
glucose for energy. People afflicted with this kind of diabetes mellitus (DM) have to take insulin
injections daily.
201
Insulin Resistance (IR)
A condition wherein the cells' ability to respond to insulin is impaired, resulting in the body secreting
increased amounts of insulin in the blood in order to reduce the levels of blood glucose.
202
Injection, types
intradermal injection
intramuscular injection
intravenous injection
subcutaneous injection
203
intradermal injection
one made just under the outer layer of skin.
204
intramuscular injection
one made into the substance of a muscle.
205
intravenous injection
one made into a vein.
206
subcutaneous injection
one made into the subcutaneous tissues.
207
Jackknife seizure
Also referred to as Infantile Spasms, it is a disorder that occurs in infancy with the onset of myoclonic
seizures, mental retardation, and abnormal electroencephalogram.
208
Jacob's Disease
Also referred to as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), it affects the brain causing dementia, which is
thought to be caused by a prion. Apart from chronic dementia, the other symptoms include
nervousness, forgetfulness, trembling jerky movements of the hands, muscular spasms, unsteady gait,
balance disorder, and loss of expression in the face.
209
Jejunum
The portion of the small intestines that is between the duodenum and the ileum.
210
Jenner's Method
Jenner's Method Inoculating a weakened form of a virus in order to produce immunity to the disease it causes. It is also
known as Jennerization.
211
Joint Locking
A condition which is very painful, generally caused by a loose body being entrapped within a joint,
between the surfaces of the joint.
212
Jordan Frame
A special stretcher meant for transporting patients with spinal injury.
213
Jugular Veins
Veins carrying blood back to the heart from the head.
214
Jumper's Knee
The degeneration of the tendon attached to the lower part of the knee-cap, or the patella, resulting in
tenderness of the area and pain.
215
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
A condition that causes blistering of the skin because of a mutation of a gene which in normal
conditions helps in the formation of thread-like fibers that are anchoring filaments, which fix the
epidermis to the basement membrane. The lack of these anchoring elements results in the separation
of tissue, which causes the blistering that is evident on the topmost layer of the basement membrane.
216
Kanner Syndrome
Also referred to as Autism, this is one of the neuropsychiatric conditions typified by deficiencies in
communication and social interaction, and abnormally repetitive behavior.
217
Kaposi's Sarcoma
A kind of malignancy of the skin that usually afflicts the elderly, or those who have problems in their
immune system, like AIDS. It is characterized by purplish, soft papules or plaques which form nodules.
The condition usually begins in the lower part of the leg and then spreads to other areas of the body,
like the arms and hands, gradually.
218
Kawasaki Disease
A condition that is not related at all to the popular brand of motorbike with the same name, but is a
disease whose origins are unknown. Children are the ones who are mainly affected by it. It causes
fever, conjunctivitis, reddening of the mucous membranes in the mouth, swelling in the neck glands,
gingivitis, and a raised, bright red rash that forms on the skin of the feet and hands, becoming like
socks and gloves, which hardens and peels off.
219
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
A neuromuscular condition characterized by three main features Pigmented material accumulating
abnormally on the retina, referred to as atypical retinitis pigmentosa; Certain muscles of the eyes
becoming paralyzed progressively, referred to as CPEO, or chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia; and cardiomyopathy, or heart disease.
220
Keratitis
Keratitis The cornea getting inflamed resulting in blurred vision and painful, watery eyes.
221
Keshan Disease
The deficiency of selenium, which is an essential mineral, causes this condition. It is a disease that
affects the heart muscle, and is potentially fatal. It was discovered first in Keshan, a province in China,
hence its name. However it has been found in other places as well, and occurs in areas where the soil
is deficient in selenium.
222
Ketoacidosis
Acidosis wherein ketone bodies get accumulated, which usually happens in patients afflicted by
diabetes.
223
Ketone
A product that results from the breaking down of fat, which accumulates in the blood due to either
inadequate levels of insulin or deficient intake of calories.
224
Knee Reconstruction
Knee Reconstruction Surgically restoring the knee's biomechanics
225
Labyrinth
the organ that helps the body to balance. Consisting of three semicircular shaped canals along with
the vestibule, it is located in the inner part of the ear.
226
Lactase
An enzyme secreted in the small intestines which is required for digesting lactose, or milk sugar
227
Laminectomy
Surgically removing a part of the lamina in order to make more space in the vertebral canal. It is
usually done for treating spinal canal stenosis or disc herniation.
228
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome A disorder that occurs in childhood wherein there is a sudden or gradual loss in the ability of
understanding and using spoken language
229
Laparoscope
A thin tube attached with a tiny video camera, which is used to examine the inside parts of the body
and check the surfaces of organs.
230
Laparoscopic Colectomy
An operation wherein the gallbladder is removed with the help of a laparoscope. The laparoscope
along with other surgical instruments are inserted through small incisions made in the abdomen. The
camera attached to the laparoscope displays the gallbladder on a TV screen, which helps the doctor to
remove it.
231
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Noncancerous or cancerous growths in the larynx, or voice box
232
Laryngeal Paralysis
The loss of feeling or function in either one or both the vocal folds.
233
Laryngectomy
Surgically removing part or whole of the voice box or larynx.
234
Larynx
The structure of valves that lie between the windpipe, or trachea, and the upper throat, or pharynx. It
consists of vocal cords which produce the vocalization in speech.
235
Lavage
The process wherein an organ, e.g. the stomach or bowel, is washed or cleansed, by flushing it out
with water.
236
Laxatives
Also referred to as cathartics, these are medicines that are used for relieving constipation.
237
Lens
```
Also known as crystalline lens, this is the transparent, biconvex structure located behind the iris. Its
function is to focus the rays of light on the retina to produce an image of the object seen.
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238
Lesion
A wound or injury.
239
Levodopa
A drug used for treating Parkinson's Disease (PD). It changes into dopamine in the brain.
240
Lewy Body
A pink sphere that stains dying cells, which is considered to be a sign of Parkinson's Disease.
241
Ligament
A band or sheet of tough and fibrous tissue which connects bones, binding joints together.
242
Lipid
A fatty matter found in blood.
243
Lipoproteins
The primary means by which lipids or fatty substances are transported in the blood.
244
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Lithotripsy Extracorporeal
Shock Wave (ESWL)
```
A method by which gallstones and bile stones are broken up using shock waves with a specialized tool.
245
Living Will
A legal document addressed to the patient’s family and physicians stating what type of treatment the
patient wishes or does not wish when terminally ill.
246
Lumbar
Pertains to the lower back
247
Magnetic Field Therapy
A method wherein an alternating magnetic filed is used for generating an electric current within
tissues, which results in changes in the flow of blood.
248
Magnetic Resonance
| Imaging (MRI)
A non-invasive technique which creates a two-dimensional image of an internal structure or organ,
such as the spinal cord or the brain.
249
Malabsorption Syndromes
Conditions wherein the small intestine loses the ability to absorb nutriments from foods
250
Malaise
A general sense of weakness, discomfort, fatigue, or feeling run down that may occur alone or with
other symptoms.
251
Malignant Tumor
A mass of cells that are cancerous which can affect the tissues surrounding it, or spread to other parts
of the body.
252
Mallet Finger
A condition caused by the rupturing of the finger's long extension tendon.
253
Malocclusion
A dental problem which is also known as 'bad bite'. It is caused due to missing, crooked, or crowded
teeth, a misalignment of the jaw, or extra teeth.
254
Mammogram
An X-ray picture of the breast, usually used to check for breast cancer
255
Manic depression
another name for bipolar:a mental disorder marked by alternating periods of elation and depression.
256
Manometry
Tests which measure the movements and pressure of the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
257
Mast Cells
Cells that synthesize as well as store histamines. These are found in most tissues of the body,
especially just under the epithelial layer, around blood vessels, and serous cavities.
258
Mastitis
The inflammation of the milk ducts of the breast due to infection.
259
Mastoid
The temporal bone located behind the ear, at the skull's base.
260
McMurray Test
This is a test for checking if there is a lesion in the medial meniscus of the knee.
261
Meal Plan
A guide which helps people design their diet to include proper amounts of proteins, carbohydrates,
minerals, vitamins, fiber, and calories.
262
Mean Blood Pressure
The average of the blood pressure, after taking into account the fall and rise which occurs with each
beat of the heart. The estimation is usually made by taking the diastolic pressure and multiplying it by
two, adding this with the systolic pressure, and dividing the resulting number by three.
263
Median Nerve
The nerve that runs down the arm, through the wrist's carpal tunnel. It services the first three fingers
and the thumb of the hand. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve gets
inflamed.
264
Megacolon
Severe constipation resulting in the colon getting huge and swollen.
265
Meige Syndrome
This is a malfunction of movement which is characterized by forceful and involuntary muscular
contractions of the tongue and jaw, referred to as oromandibular dystonia, along with muscular
spasms around the eyes, called blepharospasm.
266
Melanocytes
Cells that are found in the epidermis' basal layer that produce melanin, which is the pigment of the
skin.
267
Melanoma
Type of cancerous tumor in the skin.
268
Melena (Blood in Stool)
Stool containing blood, usually due to bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
269
Menetrier's Disease
Also referred to as Giant Hypertrophic Gastritis, it is a chronic disease causing large folds of tissue
forming in the stomach's wall. There could be inflammation of the tissue and it may also contain
ulcers. People afflicted with this disease have a high chance of getting stomach cancer.
270
mesothelioma
a cancer of mesothelial tissue, associated especially with exposure to asbestos.
271
Moles
In dermatology a mole is a pigmented spot on the skin, Also called a nevus. 2. In gynecology, a mass within the uterus formed of partly developed products of conception.
272
Mountain Sickness
also know as Altitude sickness:s a disorder caused by being at high altitude. It more commonly occurs above 8,000 feet (2,440 meters). The cause of altitude illness is a matter of oxygen physiology.
273
Mumps (Infectious Parotitis)
is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus
274
Near Point of Accommodation
The point that is the closest at which an object can be perceived distinctly by the eye.
275
Near Point of Convergence
The maximum degree to which both the eyes can turn inward.
276
Needle Aspiration (Of the Breast)
This is a type of biopsy using a thin, hollow needle to remove a tumor's cells or fluid from a cyst by
suction The samples aspirated, or drawn up, are then examined under a microscope.
277
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Treatment like hormonal therapy or chemotherapy which a patient is given prior to undergoing
surgery. This therapy is useful by helping to shrink tumors, such as those that occur in the breast, so
that the surgical procedure for removing them becomes less complicated.
278
Nephrectomy
Surgically removing the kidney.
279
Nephropathy
Damage caused to the kidney due to long years of diabetes which involves high levels of glucose in the
blood.
280
Nerve Conduction Test
A procedure that helps to determine the generation of nerve impulses.
281
Neural Mobilization
This is a technique by which the nerves are stretched gently to relieve the tension that may have
accumulated in them which cause symptoms like radiating pain, tingling sensations, weakness, or
numbness.
282
Neural Plasticity
The ability of the nervous system and the brain to adapt to changes brought about by new conditions,
like after an injury.
283
Neural Tube Defect
A kind of birth defect, like spina bifida, resulting from the failure of the brain or the spinal cord
developing normally in the fetus.
284
Neuralgia
A disorder of the nervous system which results in acute pain along the affected nerve's pathway.
285
Neuritis
The inflammation of nerve cells, or neurons, which is usually characterized by numbness, pain, or
tingling in the affected area.
286
Neurofibromatosis
Also referred to as Von Recklinghausen's Disease, this is an inherited disorder wherein numerous
spots and neurofibromas form on the skin, which are non-cancerous, often accompanied by
abnormalities in development.
287
Neurogenic Communication Disorder
The inability to communicate with others due to hearing, language, and speech problems,
which are caused by the nervous system becoming impaired.
288
Neuron
Also called a nerve cell, this is a unique kind of cell that is present both in the brain and the body,
which is specialized for processing and transmitting information, either from one area of the brain to
another, or from the brain to a part of the body and vice versa.
289
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that occur naturally in the brain that transmit impulses, or messages, between nerve cells.
They exist in the space, or synapse, that separates the terminal of the neuron transmitting the
message, which is called the axon, from the terminal of the neuron receiving the message, called
dendrite.
290
Nissen Fundoplication
An operation for sewing up the fundus, or the top area of the stomach, around the esophagus. It is
carried out to stop the contents of the stomach from returning into the esophagus, a condition known
as reflux, and for repairing a hiatal hernia (hiatus hernia).
291
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Loss of hearing caused by either a single or repeated exposure to extremely loud sounds.
292
Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 Diabetes)
Also called Type 2 Diabetes, this is a condition wherein either the body
loses the ability of adequately using the insulin it produces to convert blood glucose into energy, or it
produces too little insulin. This condition can be controlled by diet, weight loss, and exercise, or it
could require using insulin injections or oral medications.
293
Non-Invasive Procedure
A diagnostic treatment or technique which does not involve making incisions in the body.
294
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
A category of drugs, such as ibuprofen, aspirin, nabumeton, and naproxen, used for
relieving pain and inhibiting inflammation in diseases like arthritis, which are not steroids like
prednisone.
