Flashcards in Medical Terminology CH 8 Blood And Lymph Systems Deck (133)
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1
Blast/o
-blast
Germ or bud
2
Chrom/o
Chromat/o
Color
3
Chyl/o
Juice
4
Hem/o
Hemat/o
Blood
5
Immun/o
Safe
6
Lymph/o
Clear fluid
7
Myel/o
Bone marrow (also spinal cord)
8
Phag/o
Eat or swallow
9
Plas/o
Formation
10
Morph/o
Form
11
Reticul/o
A net
12
Splen/o
Spleen
13
Thromb/o
Clot
14
Thym/o
Thymus gland
15
Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood and lymph
Contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, cellular components like leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets
16
Serum
Liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process
17
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within bloodstream
18
Hemoglobin
Protein-iron compound contained in erythrocyte that has binding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
19
Leukocyte
White blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances
20
Granulocytes
Group of leukocytes that contains granules in their cytoplasm
21
Neutrophil
A granular leukocyte, neutral stain, fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis)
22
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
Another term for neutrophil
23
Band
Immature neutrophil
24
Eosinophil
Granular leukocyte, rose color stain, increases with allergy and some infections
25
Basophil
Granular leukocyte, dark stain, brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
26
Agranulocytes
Group of leukocytes without granules
27
Lymphocytes
Agranulocytic leukocyte, active in process of immunity
28
What are the 4 categories of lymphocytes?
T cells (thymus dependent)
B cells (bone marrow derived)
NK cells (natural killers)
K-type cells
29
Monocytes
Agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
30
Platelets
Thrombocytes; cell fragments in blood essential for clotting (coagulation)
31
Where does the upper right quadrant of the body drain lymph?
Right lymphatic duct
32
Where d Rd the left side of the head, neck, chest, left arm, abdomen, lower extremities drain lymph?
Thoracic duct
33
Thymus
Primary gland of the lymphatic system
Helps maintain body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
34
Spleen
Filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by phagocytosis
35
Lymph
Fluid originating in tissues and organs,l that's circulated through lymph vessels
36
Lymph capillaries
Microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to lymph vessels
37
Lymph vessels
Vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
38
Lacteals
Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines that absorb fat into the bloodstream
39
Chyle
White/pale substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
40
Lymph nodes
Small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels
41
What are the major locations of lymph nodes?
Cervical region, axillary region, inguinal region
42
Lymph ducts
Collecting changes that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
43
Right lymphatic duct
Receives lymph from the upper right part of the body
44
Thoracic duct
Receives lymph from the left side of the head neck chest abdomen left arm and lower extremities
45
Antigen
A substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it.
46
Antibody
Substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
47
Immunoglobulins
(Ig) protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens
48
5 major classes of immunoglobulins
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
49
Immunity
Process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
50
Active immunity
Immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine
51
Passive immunity
Immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies
52
Microcytosis
Small red blood cells
53
Macrocytosis
Large red blood cells
54
Anisocytosis
Unequal sized red blood cells
55
Poikilocytosis
Irregularly shaped red blood cells
56
Reticulocytosis
An increase in immature red blood cells in the blood
57
Erythropenia
An abnormal decrease of red blood cells
58
Lymphocytopenia
An abnormal decrease of lymphocytes
59
Neutropenia
Abnormal decrease of neutrophils
60
Pancytopenia
An abnormal decrease of all cellular components in the blood
61
Hemolysis
Breakdown of the cell membrane
62
Immunocompromised
Impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or immunosuppressant agents
63
Immunosuppression
Impaired ability to provide an immune response
64
Lymphadenopathy
Diseased lymph nodes/ enlarged lymph nodes
65
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
66
AIDS
Caused by?
Effects?
Transmitted by?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop
Transmitted sexually or through exposure to contaminated blood
67
Anemia
Diagnosis
Reduction of RBC or hemoglobin
Diminished ability of RBC to transport oxygen to tissues
68
Aplastic anemia
Normocytic-normochromic
Failure of bone marrow to produce RBC
69
Iron-deficiency anemia
Microcytic-hypochromic
Lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin
Small RBC containing low amounts of hemoglobin
70
Pernicious anemia
Macrocytic-normochromic
Inadequate supply of Vit B12
Causing RBC to become large, varied in shape, reduced in number
71
Autoimmune disease
Abnormal function of the immune system that causes body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function
Examples! Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus
72
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother with an Rh-negative blood factor
Causing RBC destruction in the fetus
Blood transfusion necessary to save fetus
73
Rh factor
Presence or lack of antigens on the surface of RBC that may cause a reaction btwn the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetus anemia
74
Rh positive
Presence of antigens on surface of RBC
75
Rh negative
Absence of antigens on surface of RBC
76
Hemochromatosis
Hereditary disorder
Excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
77
Hemophilia
Group of hereditary bleeding disorders
There is a defect in clotting factors necessary for coagulation of blood.
78
Leukemia
Chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
Classified according to the types of WBC affected
79
Myelodysplasia
Bone marrow faulty formation
Disorder within bone marrow
Proliferation of abnormal stem cells
80
Lymphoma
Any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant
New formation pertaining to lymph tumor
81
Metastasis
Cancer cells spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs
Beyond stop
82
Mononucleosis
Condition caused by Epstein Barr virus
Increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, sore throat (pharyngitis)
83
Polycythemia
Many cell blood condition
Increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
84
Septicemia
Systemic disease caused by infection of micro organisms and their toxins in the circulating blood
85
Thrombocytopenia
Clot cell abnormal reduction
Bleeding disorder
Abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, impairs clotting process
86
Blood chemistry
A test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent ex. Glucose, cholesterol
87
Blood chemistry panels
Specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood
Used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions
Ex. metabolic panel, lipid panel
88
Basic metabolic panel
Battery of tests used as a general screen for disease: calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen
89
Comprehensive Metabolic panel
Tests in addition to the basic
Albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, AST
90
Blood culture
A test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms
The specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
91
CD4 cell count
A measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood
Used in monitoring the course of HIV and timing the treatments of AIDS
Normal adult range is 600-1,500 cells
92
Complete blood count
CBC
Screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes
WBC RBC HGB HCT MCV MCH MCHC PLT
93
White blood count
WBC
Number of WBC per cubic millimeter
94
Red blood cell
RBC
Number of RBC per cubic millimeter
95
Hemoglobin
HGB or Hgb
Test to determine blood level of hemoglobin
Expressed in grams
96
Hematocrit
HCT or Hct
Measurement of the percentage of packed RBC in a given volume of blood
97
Blood indices
Calculations of RBC HGB HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of RBC for classification of anemia
98
Mean corpuscular volume
Mean cell volume MCV
calculation of the volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RNC results
MCV=HCT/RBC
99
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Mean cell hemoglobin MCH
Calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average RBC using HGB and RBC results
MCH = HGB/RBC
100
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration MCHC
Calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT results
MCHC = HGB/HCT
101
Differential count
Determination of the number of each type of WBC seen on a stained blood smear
Each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
102
Red cell morphology
The condition of the size and shape of the RBC on the smeared slide is noted
103
Platelet count
PLT
a calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood
Normal range 150,000-450,000/cubic millimeters
104
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate
ESR
A timed test to measure the rate at which RBC settle brought a given volume of plasma
105
Partial thromboplastin time
PTT
A test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders
106
Thromboplastin
Substance present in tissues platelets and leukocytes that's necessary for coagulation
107
Prothrombin time
PT
a test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood
108
Prothrombin
A protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
109
Venipuncture
A puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
110
Phlebotomy
Same as venipuncture
111
Bone marrow aspiration
Needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination
112
Bone marrow biopsy
Pathological examination of the bone marrow tissue
113
Lymphangiogram
An X-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium
114
Computed tomography
CT
Full body X-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
115
Positron emission tomography
PET
radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy
Commonly used in evaluating lymphoma
116
Bone marrow transplant
The transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a disease recipient to stimulate blood cell production
117
Lymphadenectomy
The removal of a Lymph node
118
Lymphadenotomy
An incision into a lymph node
119
Lymph node dissection
Removal of possible cancer carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination
120
Splenectomy
Removal of spleen
121
Thymectomy
Removal of thymus gland
122
Blood transfusion
Introduction of blood products into he circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
123
Autologous blood
Blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use
Ex: upcoming surgery
124
Homologous blood
Blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
125
Blood component therapy
Transfusion of specific blood as packed RBC, platelets, plasma
126
Cross matching
Method of matching donors blood to the recipients by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
127
Chemotherapy
The treatment of malignancies infections and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
128
Immunotherapy
Use of biological agents to prevent or test a disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms
As seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, allergy
129
Plasmapheresis
Removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by re infusion
Apheresis = withdrawal
130
Anticoagulant
A drug that prevents clotting of the blood
131
Hemostatic
A drug that stops the flow of the blood within the vessels
132
Vasoconstrictor
A drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
133
