Medical Terms

Question 1

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

Answer 1

a heart attack (sudden deprivation of circulating blood)

Question 2

Agnosia

Answer 2

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage

Question 3

alcohol substance abuse vs.
dependence definition

Answer 3

Use: Substance use is any consumption of alcohol or drugs. Something as commonplace as having a beer with friends during dinner is considered substance use.

Abuse: Substance abuse is when someone continues to use drugs or alcohol even when it causes problems, such as trouble with work, family, or their health. For instance, continuing to use drugs knowing you’ll be fired if you fail a drug test is a sign of abuse.

Dependence: Substance dependence is an addiction to alcohol or drugs. You may be unable to stop drinking or using drugs, and have physical withdrawal symptoms when you try to quit.

Question 4

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Answer 4

progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain

Question 5

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Answer 5

ALS is a fatal motor neuron disease. It is characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. ALS affects voluntary control of arms and legs, and leads to trouble breathing. Progresses in stages

Question 6

Anorexia

Answer 6

an eating disorder characterized by restriction of food intake leading to low body weight, typically accompanied by intense fear of gaining weight and disturbed perception of body weight and image

Question 7

Anxiety disorder

Answer 7

Anxiety disorders are conditions in which you have anxiety that does not go away and can get worse over time. The symptoms can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, schoolwork, and relationships.

Question 8

Aphasia

Answer 8

Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that results in loss of the ability to produce or understand language. Aphasia occurs when the language centers of the brain are damaged.

Question 9

Apnea

Answer 9

A serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts, or gets very shallow.

Question 10

Apraxia (receptive vs. expressive)

Answer 10

Apraxia of speech (AOS), also called verbal apraxia, is a speech sound disorder affecting an individual’s ability to translate conscious speech plans into motor plans

Question 11

Ataxia

Answer 11

Ataxia is a neurological disorder that describes poor muscle control that causes clumsy voluntary movements. It may cause difficulty with walking and balance, hand coordination, speech and swallowing, and eye movements.

Question 12

Attachment disorder

Answer 12

Attachment Disorders are psychiatric illnesses that can develop in young children who have problems in emotional attachments to others. RAD (reactive attachment disorder) and DSED (disinhibited social engagement disorder).

Question 13

Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD/ ADD)

Answer 13

Attention deficit disorder (ADD) has been historically defined as a genetic, biochemical disorder involving two neurotransmitters known to enhance attention processes within the brain.
ADHD/ADD includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.
Types:
Inattentive Type
Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
Combined Type

Question 14

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 14

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave. Although autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is described as a “developmental disorder” because symptoms generally appear in the first 2 years of life.

Question 15

Bipolar disorder

Answer 15

Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes changes in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. People with bipolar disorder experience intense emotional states that typically occur during distinct periods of days to weeks, called mood episodes.

Question 16

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Answer 16

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition in which a person has long-term patterns of unstable or explosive emotions.

These inner experiences often result in impulsive actions, self-image issues, and chaotic relationships with other people.

Question 17

Bulimia

Answer 17

Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person has regular episodes of eating a very large amount of food (bingeing) during which the person feels a loss of control over their eating. The person then uses different ways, such as vomiting or laxatives (purging), to prevent weight gain.

Question 18

Cerebral palsy (CP); know the types

Answer 18

Cerebral means having to do with the brain. Palsy means weakness or problems with using the muscles. CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person’s ability to control his or her muscles.

4 main types:
spastic cp - increased muscle tone causing awkward movement (diplegia/diparesis is legs)
(hemiplegia/hemiparesis is one side of body)
(quadriplegia/quadriparesis is all limbs, trunk, and face)

dyskinetic cp - uncontrollable movement, muscle tone can change (from too tight to too loose as quickly as within a single day) (includes other types: athetoid, choreoathetoid, and dystonic cerebral palsies)

ataxic cp - balance and coordination issues

mixed cp - more than one type together

Question 19

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 19

A stroke happens when there is a loss of blood flow to part of the brain. Your brain cells cannot get the oxygen and nutrients they need from blood, and they start to die within a few minutes. This can cause lasting brain damage, long-term disability, or even death.

Question 20

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 20

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. It’s typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production and wheezing.

Question 21

congenital

Answer 21

A condition or trait present at birth. It may be the result of genetic or non-genetic factors.

Question 22

Current procedural terminology (CPT)

Answer 22

is a medical code set that is used to report medical, surgical, and diagnostic procedures and services to entities such as physicians, health insurance companies and accreditation organizations.

Question 23

Degenerative

Answer 23

(of a disease or symptom) characterized by progressive, often irreversible deterioration, and loss of function in the organs or tissues.
“degenerative diseases”

Question 24

Developmental disability (DD)

Answer 24

Developmental disabilities are a group of conditions due to an impairment in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas. About one in six children in the U.S. have one or more developmental disabilities or other developmental delays.

Question 25

Dementia

Answer 25

a condition characterized by progressive or persistent loss of intellectual functioning, especially with impairment of memory and abstract thinking, and often with personality change, resulting from organic disease of the brain.

Question 26

Depression

Answer 26

Depression (also known as major depression, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. various types include: - major depression - persistent depressive disorder - perinatal depression - seasonal affective disorder - depression with symptoms of psychosis - part of the bipolar disorder

Question 27

Depressive episode

Answer 27

defines a depressive episode as a period in one’s life of at least two weeks, during which they exhibit the requisite symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Question 28

Diplegia

Answer 28

refers to symmetrical paralysis, usually affecting either the arms or the legs. It's the most common cause of paralysis in children, but can affect people of any age. Unlike other forms of paralysis, diplegia is highly unpredictable, and may get better, worse, or radically change with time. (it is also a subtype of CP)

Question 29

dissociation

Answer 29

separation of some aspects of mental functioning from conscious awareness, leading to a degree of mental dysfunction or to mental conditions including dissociative identity disorder.

Question 30

Down’s Syndrome

Answer 30

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome. Down syndrome varies in severity among individuals, causing lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. It's the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning disabilities in children. It also commonly causes other medical abnormalities, including heart and gastrointestinal disorders.

Question 31

Dysarthria

Answer 31

Dysarthria occurs when the muscles you use for speech are weak or you have difficulty controlling them. Dysarthria often causes slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand. Common causes of dysarthria include nervous system disorders and conditions that cause facial paralysis or tongue or throat muscle weakness. Certain medications also can cause dysarthria.

Question 32

dyslexia

Answer 32

Dyslexia is a language-based learning disability of neurodevelopmental origin that mainly affects the ease with which a person reads, writes, and spells, typically recognized as a specific learning disorder in children. - Phonological Dyslexia. - Surface Dyslexia. - Rapid Automatic Naming Dyslexia. - Double Deficit Dyslexia

Question 33

Dysphagia

Answer 33

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing, as a symptom of disease. "progressive dysphagia"

Question 34

dyspnea

Answer 34

"shortness of breath" - difficult or labored breathing.

Question 35

dysregulation

Answer 35

abnormality or impairment in the regulation of a metabolic, physiological, or psychological process.

Question 36

Electronic medical record (EMR)

Answer 36

An electronic (digital) collection of medical information about a person that is stored on a computer. An electronic medical record includes information about a patient’s health history, such as diagnoses, medicines, tests, allergies, immunizations, and treatment plans. Electronic medical records can be seen by all healthcare providers who are taking care of a patient and can be used by them to help make recommendations about the patient’s care. Also called EHR and electronic health record.

Question 37

Episodic memory

Answer 37

Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall and mentally reexperience specific episodes from one's personal past and is contrasted with semantic memory that includes memory for generic, context-free knowledge.

Question 38

Explicit memory

Answer 38

Explicit memory is declarative memory, conscious long-term memory includes both episodic and semantic memory information

Question 39

febrile

Answer 39

having or showing the symptoms of a fever. "a febrile illness"

Question 40

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer 40

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a common cause of dementia, is a group of disorders that occur when nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain are lost. This causes the lobes to shrink. FTD can affect behavior, personality, language, and movement.

Question 41

Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)

Answer 41

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) is a stroke-specific, performance-based impairment index. It is designed to assess motor functioning, balance, sensation and joint functioning in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia[1][2]. It is applied clinically and in research to determine disease severity, describe motor recovery, and to plan and assess treatment.

Question 42

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 42

Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition of excessive worry about everyday issues and situations. It lasts longer than 6 months. In addition to feeling worried you may also feel restlessness, fatigue, trouble concentrating, irritability, increased muscle tension, and trouble sleeping.

Question 43

Habituation/ dishabituation (to auditory stimulus)

Answer 43

Habituation: the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus. Dishabituation: the fast recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically as a result of the presentation of a novel, strong or sometimes noxious stimulus.

Question 44

Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A)

Answer 44

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) is the most commonly used to estimate severity and response to treatment in patients who were already diagnosed with a depressive disorder

Question 45

Hemiplegia

Answer 45

Hemiplegia is one-sided muscle paralysis or weakness. It's usually a symptom of a brain-related issue or condition. It can affect the face, arm and leg, and sometimes it affects all three. The most common cause of hemiplegia refers to vascular conditions, which include strokes, aneurysms, and cerebral hemorrhage. Traumatic causes, like cerebral lacerations (i.e., deep cuts within brain tissue), spinal cord lacerations

Question 46

Hemispatial neglect/ unilateral visual inattention

Answer 46

The syndrome of hemispatial neglect is characterised by reduced awareness of stimuli on one side of space, even though there may be no sensory loss. (inattention to stimuli on one side)

Question 47

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 47

What is Huntington's disease simple? Huntington's disease is a condition that damages nerve cells in the brain causing them to stop working properly. It's passed on (inherited) from a person's parents. The damage to the brain gets worse over time. It can affect movement, cognition (perception, awareness, thinking, judgement) and mental health.

Question 48

Intellectual Disability (ID)

Answer 48

Intellectual disability (or ID) is a term used when a person has certain limitations in cognitive functioning and skills, including conceptual, social and practical skills, such as language, social and self-care skills.

Question 49

Khan-Lewis phonological analysis

Answer 49

is a tool that helps experts understand how children to young adults produce speech sounds. It helps them determine if a child has any difficulties making the right sounds or putting them together correctly.

Question 50

Lewy Bodies Dementia

Answer 50

Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a disease associated with abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain. These deposits, called Lewy bodies, cause a progressive decline in mental abilities. People with Lewy body dementia might have visual hallucinations and changes in alertness and attention. Other effects include Parkinson's disease signs and symptoms such as rigid muscles, slow movement, walking difficulty and tremors. (Lewy bodies also found in people with Parkinson's disease)

Question 51

Long-term memory

Answer 51

A relatively permanent information storage system that enables individuals to retain, retrieve and make use of knowledge hours, weeks or even years after this information has been learned

Question 52

Mini-mental state exam (MMSE)

Answer 52

A Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a set of 11 questions that doctors and other healthcare professionals commonly use to check for cognitive impairment (problems with thinking, communication, understanding and memory).

Question 53

Monoplegia

Answer 53

Monoplegia is a type of paralysis that impacts one limb, most often an arm, but it can also affect one of your legs. (caused by damage to the nervous system)

Question 54

Muscular dystrophy (MS)

Answer 54

Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. There are many kinds of muscular dystrophy.

Question 55

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 55

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder in which people have recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas or sensations (obsessions). To get rid of the thoughts, they feel driven to do something repetitively (compulsions).

Question 56

Oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 56

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior disorder. Children with ODD are uncooperative, defiant, and hostile toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures. Developmental problems may cause ODD. Or the behaviors may be learned.

Question 57

Panic disorder

Answer 57

Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress.

Question 58

Paraplegia

Answer 58

paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease.

Question 59

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

Answer 59

Parkinson’s disease (PD) occurs when brain cells that make dopamine, a chemical that coordinates movement, stop working or die. Because PD can cause tremor, slowness, stiffness, and walking and balance problems, it is called a “movement disorder.” But constipation, depression, memory problems and other non-movement symptoms also can be part of Parkinson’s. PD is a lifelong and progressive disease, which means that symptoms slowly worsen over time.

Question 60

Pervasive developmental disorder

Answer 60

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), now known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are characterized by delays in the development of social and communication skills. The DSM-4 listed five pervasive developmental disorders: autistic disorder. Asperger's disorder. Rett's disorder. childhood disintegrative disorder. PDD-NOS.

Question 61

Phantom pain

Answer 61

With phantom pain, a person feels pain where the missing body part should be. Other problems associated with losing part of your body include: Phantom sensations: The missing limb or extremity still feels like it's part of the body. There isn't any pain. (perceived) Phantom pain descriptions are diverse, but commonly include burning, gnawing, lacerating, pressure, and aching.

Question 62

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 62

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event. It is natural to feel afraid during and after a traumatic situation.

Question 63

Presbycusis

Answer 63

Presbycusis refers to bilateral age-related hearing loss. In literal terms, presbycusis means 'old hearing' or 'elder hearing. It is the most common cause of hearing loss worldwide and is estimated to affect approximately two-thirds of Americans aged 70 or older.

Question 64

Procedural memory

Answer 64

Procedural memory, also called implicit memory, is a type of long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things. Riding a bike, tying your shoes, and cooking an omelet without a recipe are all examples of procedural memories.

Question 65

Psychosomatic

Answer 65

(of a physical illness or other condition) caused or aggravated by a mental factor such as internal conflict or stress. (interaction of body and mind)

Question 66

Psychotropic drug

Answer 66

A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. Examples of psychotropic substances include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines.

Question 67

Quadriplegia/ Tetraplegia

Answer 67

Tetraplegia (sometimes referred to as quadriplegia) is a term used to describe the inability to voluntarily move the upper and lower parts of the body. The areas of impaired mobility usually include the fingers, hands, arms, chest, legs, feet and toes and may or may not include the head, neck, and shoulders. (three, one limb less effected) Quadriplegia is a pattern of paralysis — which is when you can't deliberately control or move your muscles — that can affect a person from the neck down. (four, all effected)

Question 68

Renal failure

Answer 68

Kidney failure (renal failure) means one or both of your kidneys no longer function well on their own. Kidney failure is sometimes temporary and develops quickly (acute). Other times it's a chronic (long-term) condition that slowly gets worse.

Question 69

Rett syndrome

Answer 69

Rett syndrome primarily affects females. Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes a loss of spoken language and motor skills, as well as behavioral and neurological problems. Children with Rett syndrome may also have a variety of other medical problems, including intestinal, breathing, orthopedic, and heart complications.

Question 70

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 70

Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.

Question 71

Schizoaffective disorder

Answer 71

Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health disorder that is marked by a combination of schizophrenia symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania. - Bipolar type, which includes episodes of mania and sometimes major depression - Depressive type, which includes only major depressive episodes

Question 72

Schizophrenia

Answer 72

a serious mental condition of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.

Question 73

Scoliosis

Answer 73

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Question 74

Seizure/ grand mal

Answer 74

A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. Tonic-clonic seizures may begin as focal seizures in a small area of the brain and spread to become generalized seizures that involve the whole brain.

Question 75

Selective attention

Answer 75

Selective attention refers to the processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information.

Question 76

Self-regulation

Answer 76

Self-regulation is the ability to understand and manage your behaviour and your reactions to feelings and things happening around you.

Question 77

Semantic memory

Answer 77

Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime.

Question 78

Social communication disorder (SCD)

Answer 78

Social communication disorder (SCD) is characterized by persistent difficulties with the use of verbal and nonverbal language for social purposes. Primary difficulties may be in social interaction, social understanding, pragmatics, language processing, or any combination of the above

Question 79

Spina bifida

Answer 79

Spina bifida is when a baby's spine and spinal cord does not develop properly in the womb, causing a gap in the spine. Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube is the structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain and spinal cord.

Question 80

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 80

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable, abnormal, and repetitive movements of the face, torso, and/or other body parts

Question 81

Terminal restlessness

Answer 81

Terminal agitation is anxious, restless or distressed behaviour that can occur at the end of life. (sometimes called terminal agitation) includes anxiety, agitation and confusion. These signs are more intense than simple mood changes and can be very troubling for family members.

Question 82

Tourette syndrome (TS)

Answer 82

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder that may cause sudden unwanted and uncontrolled rapid and repeated movements or vocal sounds called tics.

Question 83

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 83

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. A TIA usually lasts only a few minutes and doesn't cause permanent damage. The blockage responsible for most TIAs is usually caused by a blood clot that has travelled to the blood vessels supplying the brain.

Question 84

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Answer 84

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) happens when a sudden, external, physical assault damages the brain. It is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults. TBI is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that happen to the brain. - closed BI (brain injury) - penetrating BI

Question 85

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 85

A condition in which bacteria invade and grow in the urinary tract (the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra). Most urinary tract infections occur in the bladder or urethra. Symptoms include needing to pee often, pain while peeing and pain in your side or lower back. (if left unchecked can cause sepsis)

Question 86

Vascular dementia (VD)

Answer 86

Vascular dementia is a decline in thinking skills caused by conditions that block or reduce blood flow to various regions of the brain, depriving them of oxygen and nutrients.

Question 87

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 87

It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation. The value is about 4800mL and it varies according to age and body size. It is calculated by summing tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

Question 88

Weaning

Answer 88

Weaning is the process of decreasing the degree of ventilator support and allowing the patient to assume a greater proportion of their own ventilation (eg, spontaneous breathing trials or a gradual reduction in ventilator support).

Question 89

Working memory

Answer 89

Working memory is the retention of a small amount of information in a readily accessible form. It facilitates planning, comprehension, reasoning, and problem-solving.