Medical Terms Flashcards by Dack Punke

Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins

Chromatin

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Threadlike structures within the nucleus, composed of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule that carries heredity information encoded in genes (counted by each centromere)

Chromosome

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Jelly-like substance found within the cell membrane, composed of proteins, salt, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients

Cytoplasm

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Molecule that holds genetic information, capable of replicating in producing an exact copy of whenever the cell divides

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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Muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Diaphragm

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Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism

Metabolism

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Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

Organelle

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Study of the nature of diseases, their causes, development, and consequences

Pathology

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Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the walls of a tubular organ to propel its contents onward

Peristalsis

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The study of the body at the cellular level is called ________

Cytology

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Groups of cells that perform a specialized activity are called ___________

Tissues

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The study of tissues is called _________

Histology

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_________________ covers surfaces of organs, lines, cavities, and canals, forms tubes, and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermidis of the skin. It is composed of cells, arranged in a continuous sheet, consisting of one or more layers.

Epithelial tissue

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_______________ supports and connects other tissues and organs. It is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood.

Connective tissue

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_______________ provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement

Muscular tissue

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_______________ transmit electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body

Nervous tissue

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_______________ are 4 divisions of the lower torso used to show topographical location

Quadrants

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When homeostasis is disrupted in cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively, the condition is called _________

Disease

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From a clinical standpoint disease is a _____________ or __________ condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings

Pathological
Morbid

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__________ are objective indicators that are observable

Signs

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A ____________ is subjective and is experienced only by the patient

Symptom

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____________ is the study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder

Etiology

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Establishing the cause and nature of a disease is called ___________

Diagnosis

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A __________ is the prediction of the course of a disease and it’s probable outcome

Prognosis

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Any disease whose cause is unknown is said to be __________

Idiopathic

Substance, analyzed, or tested, generally, by means of laboratory methods

Analyte

Bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound

Dehiscence

Feverish ; pertaining to a fever

Febrile

Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy that is marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function

Inflammation

Diseased ; pertaining to a disease

Morbid

Pathological state, usually Fibro, resulting from the presence of micro organisms or their products in the bloodstream

Sepsis

Producing or associated with generation of pus

Suppurative

Visual examination of a body cavity or a canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

Endoscopy

Visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall

Laparoscopy

Examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs

Thoracoscopy

Common blood test, that enumerates red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; measures hemoglobin; estimates red cell volume; and sorts white blood cells into five subtypes with their percentages

Complete blood count (CBC)

Common urine screening test that evaluates the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine

Urinalysis

Radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures

Fluoroscopy

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site of microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

Biopsy

Ultra thin, slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

Frozen section biopsy

Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

Needle biopsy

Removal of a small core of tissue, using a hollow instrument

Punch biopsy

Removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions

Shave biopsy

Removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgical, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency

Ablation

Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

Anastomosis

Destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals

Cauterize

Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon shaped instrument called a curette

Curettage

Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity

Incision and drainage (I&D)

Surgical technique employing a device that emits intense heat and powder at close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues

Laser surgery

Surgical removal of tissue in and extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence

Radical dissection

Partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure

Resection

Generic term for an agent that stimulates development of male characteristics (testosterone and androsterone)

Androgen

Very small duct

Ductule

Pouch of skin in the male that contains the testicles

Scrotum

Formation of a complex substance by the compounds or elements

Synthesis

As the cells move towards the stratum corneum to replace the cells that have been sloughed off, they die, and become filled with a hard protein material called __________

Keratin

In the basal layer, special cells called ___________ produce a black pigment called __________

Melanocytes Melanin

Another name for dermis is _________

Corium

The subcutaneous layer is also called the _______________

Hypodermis

__________ occurs when the hairs of the scalp are not replaced because of death of the papillae

Alopecia

The half moon shaped area at the base of the nail is called the ___________

Lunula

____________ are areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection

Lesions

Lesions may affect tissue over an area of a definite size, called __________ or maybe widely spread throughout the body, called __________

Localized Systemic

_______________ are the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated

Primary skin lesions

_______________ are changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease

Secondary skin lesions

_______________ are the least serious type of burn because they injure only the top layers of the skin, the epidermis

First-degree burns (superficial)

_______________ are deep burns that damage, both the epidermis and part of the dermis, and may heal with little or no scarring

Second-degree burns (partial thickness)

_______________ the epidermidis and dermis are destroyed, and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving the skin, waxy and chard with insensitivity to touch. The underlying bones, muscles, and tendons may also be damaged.

Third-degree burns (full thickness)

Skin grafting

Dermatoplasty

The formula for estimating the percentage of adult body surface area, affected by burns, is to apply the ______________

Rule of Nines - this method assigns values of 9% or 18% of service areas to specific regions - It is important to know the amount of the burned surface area because IV fluids for hydration are required to replace fluids lost from tissue damage

__________ are abnormal growth of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant

Neoplasms

_______________ are non-cancerous growths, composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing

Benign neoplasm’s

_______________ are composed of cells that are invasive and spread to remote regions of the body. These cells show altered function, altered appearance, and uncontrolled growth. They invade surrounding tissue.

Malignant neoplasms

Malignant cells from the primary tumor may enter blood and lymph vessels, and travel to remote regions of the body to form secondary tumor sites, a process called ____________

Metastasis

The presence of a malignant growth is the disease called ___________

Cancer

____________ is a treatment that stimulates the bodies on immune defenses to fight tumor cells

Immunotherapy Bio therapy

The _______________ a system of staging is used to identify the invasiveness of the malignant tumor

Tumor, Node, & Metastasis (TNM)

A _______ grading system is used to evaluate the appearance and maturity of malignant cells in a tumor. Pathologist commonly describe tumors by their grades of severity based on the microscopic appearance of their cells

Tumor

_______________ is the most common type of skin cancer and is a malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermidis, or hair follicles. This type of cancer is commonly caused by over exposure to sunlight. These tumors are locally invasive, but rarely metastasize.

Basal cell carcinoma

_______________ arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells. It is an invasive tumor with potential for meta-stasis and occurs commonly in fair skinned white men over age 60.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Confined to its original site

In situ

_________________ is a neoplasm composed of abnormal melanocytes that commonly begin as a darkly pigmented mole

Malignant melanoma

Melanomas are diagnosed by __________ along with histological examination

Biopsy

Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection

Abscess

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads, inflammatory, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts ; usually associated with seborrhea

Acne

Partial or complete loss of hair, resulting from normal aging, and endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anti-cancer, medication, or a skin disease

Alopecia

Form of intraepidermal carcinoma, characterized by red brown scaling or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis

Bowen disease

Diffuse, acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Cellulitis

Pigmentary skin discoloration, usually occurring and yellowish brown patches or spots

Chloasma

Typically small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging and excretory duct of the skin

Comedo

Infection of the skin caused by fungi

Dermatomycosis

Skin discoloration, consisting of a large, your regularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors, changing from blue to black to green to brown or yellow

Ecchymosis

Chronic skin inflammation, characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and possibly itching

Eczema

Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

Erythema

Damaged tissue, following a severe burn

Eschar

Bacterial skin infection, characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

Impetigo

Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin

Keratosis

Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person

Lentigo

Unnatural paleness, or absence of color in the skin

Pallor

Infestation with lice, transmitted, by personal contact, or common use of brushes, combs, and headgear

Pediculosis

Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

Petechia

Skin ulceration caused by prolong pressure from lying on one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in bedridden patients ; also known as decubitus ulcer

Pressure ulcer

Intense itching

Pruritus

Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches, covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales, caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermidis

Psoriasis

Any of several bleeding disorders, characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin, or mucous membranes, producing ecchymosis or petechia

Purpura

Contagious skin disease, transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

Scabies

Fungal skin infection, whose name commonly indicates the body part affected ; also called ringworm

Tinea

Allergic reaction of the skin, characterized by the irruption of pale red, elevated patches, called wheals over hives

Urticaria

Epidermal growth caused by a virus ; also known as warts

Verruca

Localized loss of skin pigmentation, characterized by milk, white patches

Vitiligo

Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to, or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it

Skin test

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneous injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction

Intradermal skin test

Skin test identify suspected allergens by topical application of the substance to be tested, usually on the forearm, and observing for a subsequent reaction

Patch skin test

Skin test identify suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin

Scratch skin test

Chemical removal of the outer layers of the skin to treat acne scarring, and general keratosis

Chemical peel

Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical, excision, enzymes, or chemical agents

Debridement

Rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper, to mechanically scrape away the epidermidis

Dermabrasion

Tissue destruction by means of high frequency, electric current ; also called electrodesiccation

Fulguration

Use of subfreezing temperatures to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancers, or infected tissue

Cryosurgery

Surgical procedure to transplant, healthy tissue by applying it to an injured site

Skin graft

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person ; also called homograft

Allograft

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one side to another site in the same individual

Autograft

Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen, fibers arranged in a lattice pattern

Synthetic graft

Transplantation from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human ; also called heterograft

Xenograft

The interior lining of the stomach is composed of the mucous membranes, and contains numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds called ___________ that gradually unfold as the stomach feels

Rugae

Orange colored, or yellowish pigment in bile

Bilirubin

Mass of masticated food, ready to be swallowed

Bolus

Denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue, or into a vessel

Exocrine

Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts, a passage or close, is a natural opening of the body

Sphincter

Nutrients in chyme are absorbed through microscopic finger like projections called ________

Villi

__________ is the uppermost segment of the small intestine and is about 10 inches long

Duodenum

__________ is the second part of the small intestine, and is about 8 feet long

Jejunum

__________ what is the third part of the small intestine and is about 12 feet long

Ileum

The __________ is the largest glandular organ in the body and weighs approximately 3 - 4 lbs

Liver

_______________ is the branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases

Gastroenterology

An ________ is a circumscribed, open sore, on the skin, or mucous membranes within the body

Ulcer

_______________ develops in the parts of the G.I. tract that are exposed to hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme secreted in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

_______________ is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum commonly begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends upward into the entire colon. It is characterized by profuse, watery, diarrhea, containing varying amounts of blood, mucus, and pus.

Ulcerative colitis

A _______ is a protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained

Hernia

An ______________ is a partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestine that prevents forward flow of digestive products

Intestinal obstruction

Complete obstruction of any part of the intestine constitutes a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and medical treatment within a _________ period to prevent death

24 hour

The two forms of intestinal obstructions include mechanical blockage also called _______ , where contents of the intestine are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen. The second form is non-mechanical blockage also called ____________ , where peristaltic movement is lacking or absent, and the contents are no longer propelled through the intestine.

Ileus Paralytic ileus

Enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal are called _____________

Hemorrhoids

____________ is an inflammatory condition of the liver

Hepatitis

Hepatitis A also called _________

Infectious hepatitis

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are also called _____________

Serum hepatitis

Extreme constipation

Obstipation

_______________ is a condition in which small, blister like pockets, develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall

Diverticulosis

____________ cancer arises from the epithelial lining of the large intestine

Colorectal

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

Anorexia

Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection

Appendicitis

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Ascites

Rumbling, or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance, and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

Borborygmus

Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass ; commonly associated with aids and cancer

Cachexia

Presents for formation of gall stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

Cholelithiasis

Scarring or dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease

Cirrhosis

Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

Colic

Chronic inflammation, usually in the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract ; also called regional enteritis

Crohn’s disease

Act of swallowing

Deglutition

Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food, containing chemical, irritant, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea

Dysentery

Epigastric discomfort felt after eating ; also called indigestion

Dyspepsia

Inability or difficulty in swallowing ; also called aphagia

Dysphagia

Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound ; also called belching

Eructation

Fecal concretion

Fecalith

Gas in the G.I. tract ; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus

Flatus

Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Offensive or bad breath

Halitosis

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

Hematemesis

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determined ; also called spastic colon

Irritable bowel syndrome

Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through the intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

Malabsorption syndrome

Passage of dark colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices

Melena

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the bodies, skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight

Obesity

Body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight

Morbid obesity

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek, caused primarily by irritation

Oral leukoplakia

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

Pyloric stenosis

Backward flowing as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

Regurgitation

Passage of fat, in large amounts in the feces, due to failure to digest and absorb it

Steatorrhea

Endoscopy of the esophagus stomach and duodenum

Upper G.I

Endoscopy of the colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum and anal canal

Lower G.I.

Panel of blood test that identify the specific virus causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens (hepatitis A, hepatitis, V, or hepatitis C)

Hepatitis panel

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract

Liver function tests

Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

Serum bilirubin

Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces

Stool culture

Applying a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult blood in the feces ; also called Hemoccult

Stool guaiac

Radiographic examination of the rectum in: following enema administration of barium sulfate into the rectum

Barium enema

Radiographic, examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, following oral administration of barium sulfate ; also called esophagram and upper G.I. series

Barium swallow

Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast, material, containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

Cholecystography

Endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic visualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identify partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Radiographic examination of bile duct structures

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Radiographic examination of the salivary glands and ducts

Sialography

Procedure that involves insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric, distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions ; to instill medication, food, or fluids ; or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

Nasogastric intubation

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum, after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in treatment of ulcerative colitis

Ileorectal

Surgical connection of two points of the intestines ; also called Enteroenterostomy

Intestinal

Group of procedures that treat, morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excessive weight, as fat tissue, and the resultant health problems

Bariatric surgery

Upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch. A band is the inserted that restricts food consumption and delays. It’s passage from the couch, causing a feeling of fullness.

Vertical band gastroplasty

Stomach is first stable to decrease it to a small pouch. Next the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the non-functioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration. This configuration decreases the path of food through the intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fat.

RGB

Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

Colostomy

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating, it’s fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shockwaves

Lithotripsy

Use of shockwaves as a non-invasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

Extracorporeal shockwave

Excision of a polyp

Polypectomy

Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus ; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Pyloromyotomy

Tasteless, colorless, odorless, gas, produced by body cells during the metabolic process

Carbon dioxide

Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments, but less dense than bone

Cartilage

Any hair like structure

Cilia

Moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction, or application of external forces

Diffuse

Moist tissue layer, lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment ; also called mucosa

Mucous membrane

Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist ; also called serosa

Serous membrane

Within the nasopharynx is a collection of lymphoid tissue, known as ______________

Adenoids

The space between the right and left the lungs is called the ________________

Mediastinum

_______________ is more commonly called breathing, which is a largely involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 & CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Pulmonary ventilation

_______________ , which is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli, and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

External respiration

_____________________ , which occurs when blood, aided by the cardiovascular system, transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to the body cells

Transport of respiratory gases

_______________ , which is the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries

Internal respiration

_______________ is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system

Pulmonology

___________________ includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages. The patient finds it difficult to breathe, especially upon exertion, and usually exhibit a chronic cough. The three major disorders include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

__________ produces spasms in the bronchial passages that may be sudden and violent and lead to dyspnea

Asthma

In asthma, if the usual measures do not reverse the bronchospasms, the condition is referred to as ____________________

Status asthmaticus

_______________ is an inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution

Chronic bronchitis

_______________ is characterized by decreasing elasticity of the alveoli. The alveoli expand, but are unable to contract to their original size. The air that remains trapped in the chest results in a characteristic “barrel chested” appearance.

Emphysema

_______________ is an active infectious respiratory disease. Three major viral types are responsible : type A, type B, and type C

Influenza (flu)

Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity, the space between the visceral and parietal pleura, is called a ____________________

Pleural effusion

_______________ is the listening of sound made by organs of the body using a stethoscope

auscultation

_______________ is the gentle tapping of the chest with the fingers, and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures

Percussion

____________ is a non-inflammatory fluid that resembles serum, but with slightly less protein

Transudate

____________ is usually high in proteins and often contains blood and immune cells

Exudate

____________ is a communicable disease caused by the bacterium - mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

____________ is any inflammatory disease of the lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi

Pneumonia

__________________ is a type of pneumonia, closely associated with AIDs

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

_______________ is a hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick mucus. This second mucus clogs ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract. It also blocks ducts of the sweat glands, causing the skin to become highly salty. In the lungs, mucus blocks airways and impede, natural disease fighting mechanisms causing repeated infections.

Cystic fibrosis

________________ is a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient. The alveoli fill with fluid caused by inflammation , and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible. This usually occurs as a result of very serious lung conditions, such as trauma, severe, pneumonia, and other major infections that affect the entire body or blood.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

_______________ it is a form of respiratory distress syndrome and is caused by insufficient surfactant, which causes the alveoli to collapse and breathing becomes labored

Hyaline membrane disease (infant respiratory distress syndrome)

Excessive acidity of body fluids

Acidosis

Absence of the sense of smell

Anosmia

Temporary loss of breathing

Apnea

Sleeping disorder, in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable bloody oxygenation

Sleep apnea

Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

Asphyxia

Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic, and affect, all or part of a lung

atelectasis

Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first, deeply, then shallow, then not at all

Cheyne stokes respiration

Ease with which lung tissue can be stretched

Compliance

Head cold ; upper respiratory infection

Coryza

Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters, moisture filled alveoli ; also called rale

Crackle

Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchiole passages, and sometimes lungs

Croup

Displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils

Deviated, nasal septum

Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most often in children between 2 - 12 years of age

Epiglottitis

Nosebleed ; nasal hemorrhage

Epistaxis

Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease

Finger clubbing

Deficiency of oxygen in the blood

Hypoxemia

Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues

Hypoxia

Acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound

Pertussis

Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing

Pleurisy

Disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust, stone, dust, iron, dust, and asbestos particles

Pneumoconiosis

Accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lungs, tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure

Pulmonary edema

Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation

Rhonchus.

High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath, sound caused by a spasm or swelling in the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

Stridor

Complete, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age

Sudden infant death syndrome (crib death)

Whistling or sighing, sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

Wheeze

Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction or the area around the test site becomes red and swollen

Mantoux test

Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen

Oximetry

Test of sleep, cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves, electrical activity of muscles, eye-movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood, oxygen saturation, heart rhythm, and sometimes direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera

Polysomnography

Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air, as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane

Pulmonary function test

Measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air

Spirometry

Visual examination of the bronchi, using an endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures, or for projection on a monitor

Bronchoscopy

Visual examination of the larynx, to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve, or structural injury, or other abnormalities

Laryngoscopy

Visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes

Mediastinoscopy

Test that measures partial pressure of oxygen, carbon dioxide, PH, and HCO3 level of arterial blood sample

Arterial blood gas

Microbial test used to identify disease causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonia’s

Sputum culture

Measurement of the amount of salt in sweat

Sweat test

Test used to identify pathogens, especially Group A streptococci

Throat culture

Irritating, or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid

Lavage

Irrigation of the antrum in chronic or non-responsive sinusitis

Antral lavage

Positioning a patient, so that gravity aids in the training of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs

Postural drainage

Excision of part of the pleura of the lung, usually parietal

Pleurectomy

Excision of a lung

Pneumectomy

Reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities, or for cosmetic purposes

Rhinoplasty

Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures

Septoplasty

Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity

Thoracentesis Pleurocentesis Thoracocentesis

Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck, and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted

Tracheostomy

Portion of the nervous system, that regulates, involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis

Autonomic nervous system

Thin, flattened structure ; term used to describe the leaf shaped structures that compose a heart valve

Leaflet

Tubular, space, or channel within any organ or structure of the body ; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

Lumen

Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel, that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medication’s, or physiological processes

Vasoconstriction

Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls

Vasodilation

State of being sticky or gummy

Viscosity

The walls of large arteries have three layers to provide toughness and elasticity, which include : ______________ , ______________ , & _______________

Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima

The heart is found in a sac, called the ________________

Pericardium

The heart is composed of 3 distinct tissue layers : ______________ , ____________ , & ____________

Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

_______________ , a serous membrane that lines the 4 chambers of the heart and its valves, and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins

Endocardium

_______________ , the muscular layer of the heart

Myocardium

_______________ , the outer most layer of the heart

Epicardium

The sequence of the 4 structure is responsible for the conduction of a contraction impulse is :

SA Node AV Node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers

The _____ wave is the depolarization of the atria

The ______ complex is the depolarization of the ventricles

QRS

The ____ wave is the repolarization of the ventricles

______________ measures the force of blood against the arterial walls during 2 phases of a heartbeat : the systolic phase is when the blood is forced out of the heart, and the diastolic phase is when the ventricles are filling with blood

Blood pressure

What are 5 factors that influence blood pressure : _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

Resistance of blood flow in blood vessels Pumping action of the heart Viscosity or thickness of blood Elasticity of arteries Quantity of blood in the vascular system

_______________ is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the vascular system

Cardiology

_______________ is a hardening of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle. This hardening results from a buildup of a plaque like substance, composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris. Eventually the plaque hardens causing the vessel to lose elasticity. The lumen narrows as the plaques become larger. After a while, it becomes difficult for blood to pass through the blockage.

Arteriosclerosis

A procedure in which the surgeon opens the site and removes the plaque, thereby resuming normal blood flow. It is commonly used to treat, carotid, artery, disease, peripheral arterial disease, and diseases of the renal artery and aortic arch

Endarterectomy

Failure of the coronary arteries to deliver an adequate supply of blood to the myocardium is called ________________

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

In this procedure, a deflated balloon is passed through a small incision in the skin, and into the diseased blood vessel. When the balloon inflate, it presses the occluding material against the lumen to force open the channel after the procedure the physician deflates and removes the balloon. Sometimes the physician will place a hollow send mesh stent on the balloon and positioned it against the artery wall.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

An invasive procedure that involves rerouting blood around the occluded area, using a vein graph that bypasses the obstruction.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

_______________ is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves. It may be non-infective in nature, caused by thrombi formation, or infective caused by various microorganism’s.

Endocarditis

Bacteria traveling in the bloodstream may lodge in the weakened heart tissue and form small masses called ____________ composed of fibrin and platelets

Vegetations

_______________ are enlarged, twisted, superficial veins that develop when the valves of the veins do not function properly, and fail to prevent the backflow of blood. Blood accumulates in the vein becomes engorged and distended. Excess fluid eventually seeps from the vein, causing swelling in the surrounding tissues.

Varicose veins

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

Aneurysm

Condition of being stopped for bringing to a stop

Arrest

Loss of effective cardiac function, which results in cessation of circulation

Cardiac arrest

Cessation of circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill, or fibrillation

Circulatory arrest

In ability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or skipping a beat ; also called dysrhythmia

Arrhythmia

Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both ; also known as a murmur

Bruit

Any disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

Cardiomyopathy

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

Coarctation

Calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction

Ejection fraction

Failure of the heart to supply in adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs

Heart failure

Quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of a heart, causing ineffectual contractions

Fibrillation

Arrest of bleeding or circulation

Hemostasis

Excessive amounts of lipids in the blood

Hyperlipidemia

Common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic

Hypertension

Hypertension in which there is no identifiable cause ; also called essential hypertension

Primary hypertension

Hypertension that results from an underlying, identifiable, commonly correctable cause

Secondary hypertension

Any heart disorder caused by prolonged hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery, disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure

Hypertensive heart disease

Implantable battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Area of tissue that undergoes necrosis, following cessation of blood supply

Infarct

Local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulation obstruction

Ischemia

Common and occasionally serious condition in which the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during system causing a characteristic murmur, heard on auscultation

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including thumping, fluttering, skipped beats, or a pounding feeling in the chest

Palpitation

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery

Patent ductus arteriosus

Circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluid through vessels of an organ

Perfusion

Congenital anomaly consisting of 4 elements: 1. Pulmonary artery stenosis. 2. Interventricular septal defect. 3. Transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empty into the aorta. 4. Right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle.

Tetralogy of Fallot

Slender or threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or an obstructed area

Stent

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

Cardiac catheterization

ECG taken with a small portable recording system, capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings

Holter monitor test

Blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase (CK-MB)

Cardiac enzyme studies

Series of tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease - Total cholesterol - High density lipoprotein - Low density lipoprotein - Triglycerides

Lipid panel

Radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels, after injection of a contrast dye

Angiography

Angiography to determine the degree of obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

Coronary angiography

Angiography in which 2 radiographic images are obtained, the first one without contrast material in the second one after a contrast material has been injected, and then, compared by a computer that digitally subtract the images of soft tissues, bones, and muscles, leaving only the image of vessels with contrast

Digital subtraction angiography

Radiological examination of the aorta and its branches, following injection of a contrast medium via a catheter

Aortography

Noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures, and produce images of the heart

Echocardiography

Noninvasive adaptation of ultrasound technology, in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart

Doppler ultrasound

Imaging technique that provides a graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle

Phonocardiography

Injection of a chemical irritant into a vein, to reduce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

Sclerotherapy

Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect and complete filling of a vein which indicates obstruction

Venography

The procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest

Cardioversion

Technique used to block blood flow to a site by bypassing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to include the blood vessel

Embolization

Procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a balloon catheter

Angioplasty

Removal of material from an occluded vessel, using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

Atherectomy

Destruction of conduction tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing the arrhythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume

Catheter ablation

Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have a fused together at their commissures (touching points)

Commissurotomy

Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

Laser ablation

Tying a varicose vein, followed by removal of the affected segment

Ligation and stripping

Surgical procedure performed on, or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine

Open heart surgery

Puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac, or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes for determine the causative organism of pericarditis

Pericardiocentesis

Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening ; used in treating mitral stenosis

Valvotomy

Blood is connective tissue, composed of a liquid medium called ___________ in which solid components are suspended

Plasma

Protective protein, produced by B lymphocytes in response to presence of a foreign substance called an antigen

Antibody

Substance recognized as harmful to the host and stimulates formation of antibodies in and immunocompetent individual

Antigen

Substances derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, produced by the liver, and excreted in the form of bile

Bile pigments

Chemical substances produced by certain cells, that initiate, inhibit, increase, or decreased activity in other cells

Cytokines

Organism that maintains or harbors, another organism

Host

Ability to develop an immune response, or ability to recognize antigens and respond to them

Immunocompetent

Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intracellular fluid to leak out

Natural killer cells

Blood cells develop from an undifferentiated cell called a _______________

Stem cell

Immature RBC is called a _________________

Reticulocyte

Hemoglobin breaks down into an iron compound, called ______________ and several bile pigments

Hemosiderin

While red blood cells remain in the bloodstream, white blood cells migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules, and enter tissue spaces by a process called _______________

Diapedesis

The 3 types of granulocytes : _______________ _______________ _______________

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

_______________ are the most numerous circulating leukocyte. Their granules stain with a neutral, die, giving them their lilac color. They are motile and highly phagocytic, permitting them to ingest and devour bacteria and other particulate matter. They are the first cell to appear at the site of injury or infection, to begin the work of phagocytize in foreign material. Their importance in body protection cannot be underestimated. A person with a serious deficiency of this blood cell type will die, despite protective attempts by other body defenses.

Neutrophils

_______________ contain granules that stain with a red aesthetic die called eosin. They protect the body by releasing many substances that neutralize toxic compounds, especially of a chemical nature. They increase in number during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestation.

Eosinophils

_______________ contain granules that readily staying with a purple alkaline dye. They release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged.

Basophils

_______________ initiates the inflammatory process by increasing blood flow. As more blood flows to the damaged area, it carries with it, additional nutrients, immune substances, and immune cells that help in damage containment, and tissue repair

Histamines

The 2 types of agranulocytes : _______________ _______________

Monocytes Lymphocytes

_______________ are mildly phagocytic when found within blood vessels. However, they remain in the vascular channels only a short time. When they exit in they transform into macrophages, avid phagocytes capable of ingesting, pathogens, dead cells, and other debris found at sites of inflammation. Macrophages play a Chief role in many activities associated with specific immunity.

Monocytes

______________ include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. B cells and T cells provide a specialized type of defense, called the specific immune response. This mode of protection is custom-made and aimed at specific antigens. Its dual action includes humoral immunity and cellular immunity.

Lymphocytes

_______________ provide a generalized defense and respond whenever a potentially dangerous or abnormal cell is encountered. They killed by releasing potent chemicals that rupture the cell membrane of abnormal cells. NK cells are highly effective against cancer cells and cells harboring pathogens. These cells have the ability to kill over and over again before they die.

Natural killer cells

_______________ are the smallest formed elements found in the blood

Platelets

Clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue release ________________ , a substance that initiates clot formation

Thromboplastin

Lymph vessels from the right chest and arm join the _______________ in which this duct drains into the _______________ a major vessel in the cardiovascular system

Right lymphatic duct Right subclavian vein

Lymph from all other areas of the body enters the ________________ and drains into the _______________

Thoracic duct Left subclavian vein

After a brief stay in the vascular system, monocytes, enter tissue spaces and become highly phagocytic macrophages. In this form, they consume large numbers of pathogens, including bacteria, and viruses. After macrophages engulf, a pathogen, they process it in such a way that the highly specific antigenic properties of the pathogen are placed on the cell surface of the macrophage. Thus, the macrophage becomes an _____________________ . The APC awaits and encounter with a lymphocyte capable of responding to that specific antigen. When this occurs, the specific immune system begins, the operations required for the systemic destruction of the antigen.

Antigen presenting cell

2 types of lymphocytes : _______________ _______________

T cells B cells

___________________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered a cell. It is mediated by the cells, which originate and mature in the bone marrow. During maturation, each B cell develops receptors for a specific antigen, and then enters the circulatory system upon an encounter with it specific antigen, the B cells produce a clone of cells called plasma cells. Plasma cells produce highly specific proteins, called antibodies. Antibodies travel throughout the body in plasma, tissue, fluid, and lymph. When an antibody encounters, it specific antigen, it attaches to it, and forms an antigen-antibody complex. After this, the antigen is an activated, neutralize, or tagged for destruction. After all antigens have been destroyed, memory B cells migrate to lymph tissue, and remain available for immediate recall, if the same antigen is encountered again.

Humoral immunity

_______________ is the component of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens, such as viruses and cancer cells. It is mediated by T cells these cells, originate in the bone marrow, but my great and mature in the thymus

Cellular immunity

4 types of T cells : _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) Helper T cells (Th) Suppressor T cells (Ts) Memory T cells (Tm)

The _______________ is the cell that actually destroys the invading antigen. It determines the antigen specific weakness, and uses this weakness as a point of attack to destroy it.

Cytotoxic T cell

The _______________ is essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity. That uses chemical messengers called cytokines to activate, direct, and regulate the activity of most of the other components of the immune system, especially B cells. If the number of cells is deficient, the immune system essentially shuts down and the patient becomes a victim of even the most harmless organisms.

Helper T cells

The _______________ monitor is the progression of infection. When infection resolves, the cells shut down the immune response. Finally like the humoral response, the cellular response also produces memory cells.

Suppressor T cells

The _______________ find their way to the lymph system and remain there long after the encounter with the antigen, ready for combat, if the antigen reappears

Memory T cells

_______________ is the branch of medicine that studies, blood cells, blood, clotting, mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

Hematology

_______________ is any condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is deficient it is not a disease, but rather a symptom of various diseases. It results when there is a decrease in the number of circulating RBCs, the amount of hemoglobin, or in the volume of packed erythrocytes.

Anemia

RBCs fall within normal range for size

Normocytic

RBCs fall within normal range for amount of hemoglobin

Normochromic

RBCs that are excessively large

Macrocytic

RBCs that are excessively small

Microcytic

RBCs that have excessively low amounts of hemoglobin

Hypochromic

______________________ is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, which slowly destroys the immune system

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

What are the 2 diseases closely associated with AIDS: _______________ _______________

Kaposi sarcoma Pneumocystis pneumonia

An __________ is an acquired abnormal immune response

Allergy

A treatment called _______________ reduces the sensitivity of the patient to the offending allergen. This treatment involves repeated injections of highly diluted solution containing the allergen

Desensitization

_______________ is the failure of the body to distinguish accurately between self and non-self. The immune system attacks the antigens found on its own cells to such an extent at the tissue injury results.

Autoimmunity

_______________ is an auto immune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction. Muscles of the limbs and eyes, and those affecting speech and swallowing are usually involved.

Myasthenia gravis

__________ is an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body. A major cause is a decrease in the blood, protein level, especially albumin, which controls the amount of plasma, leaving the vascular channels. Other causes include poor, lymph, drainage, high sodium intake, increased, capillary, permeability, and heart failure.

Edema

_______________ is a hereditary disorder in which the blood clotting mechanism is impaired

Hemophilia

There are 2 main types of hemophilia : __________ __________

Hemophilia A Hemophilia B

Hemophilia ___ , is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII

Hemophilia ___ , is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor IX

_______________ is one of the acute infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. It is usually found in young adults and tends to appear an early spring and fall. Saliva and respiratory secretions have been implicated as significant infectious agents hence the name kissing disease. Sore throat, fever, in large cervical lymph nodes, characterize this disease.

Infectious mononucleosis

____________ is an ontological disorder of the blood forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth of blood cells. With this condition, malignant cells, replace healthy, bone marrow cells. The disease is generally characterized by the type of leukocyte population affected : granulocytic (myelogenous) or lymphatic

Leukemia

________ leukemia, the cells are highly embryonic (blastic) with few, mature forms, resulting in severe anemia, infections, bleeding disorders, and is life-threatening

Acute

__________ is a malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes. It usually begins with a painless enlargement of lymph nodes, typically on one side of the neck, chest, or under arm.

Hodgkin lymphoma

Condition of marked variation in the size of erythrocytes when observed on a blood smear

Anisocytosis

Presence of a viable bacteria circulating in the blood stream, usually transient in nature

Bacteremia

Destruction of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipients immune system

Graft rejection

Condition that occurs following bone marrow transplant in which the immune cells in the transplant bone marrow produce antibodies against the hosts tissues

Graft versus host disease

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

Hemoglobinopathy

Destruction of RBCs, with a release of hemoglobin that diffuses into the surrounding fluid

Hemolysis

State of being protected against infectious diseases

Immunity

Immunity produced by the persons on immune system

Active immunity

Immunity in which antibodies or other immune substances formed in one individual are transferred to another individual to provide immediate, temporary immunity

Passive immunity

Any disease of the lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy

Malignant neoplastic disorder of lymphatic tissue (not related to Hodgkin disease)

Lymphosarcoma

Serious, life-threatening, bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections throughout the body, such as pneumonia, urinary tract, infection, meningitis, or infections of the bone or G.I. tract ; also called blood infection or blood poisoning

Septicemia

Laboratory test to detect the presence of antibodies, antigens, or immune substances

Serology

Blood test that measures the amount of antibodies in blood ; commonly used as an indicator of a moon status

Titer

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

Blood culture

Test that enumerates the distribution of WBCs in a stained blood smear by counting the different kinds of WBCs, and reporting each as a percentage of the total examined

Differential count (diff)

Measurement of the distance the RBCs settle to the bottom of a test tube under standardized conditions ; also called sed rate

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Measurement of the amount of hemoglobin found in a whole blood sample

Hemoglobin value

Measurement of the percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample

Hematocrit (Hct)

Nonspecific rapid serological test for infectious mononucleosis ; also called the heterophile antibody test

Monospot

Test that measures the length of time it takes BLOOD to clot. It screens for deficiencies and some clotting factors and monitors the effectiveness of anticoagulant therapy (heparin) ; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Test that measures the time it takes for the PLASMA PORTION of blood to clot. It is used to evaluate portions of the coagulation system ; also called pro time

Prothrombin time (PT)

Mathematical calculation of the size, volume, and concentration of hemoglobin for a RBC

Red blood cell indices

Test used to assess the absorption of radioactive vitamin B12 by the digestive system

Schilling test

Radiographic examination of lymph nodes, after injection of a contrast medium

Lymphadenography

Radiographic examination of lymph vessels or tissues, after injection of a contrast medium

Lymphangiography

Drawing in or out by suction

Aspiration

Procedure using a syringe with a thin aspirating needle, inserted to withdraw a small sample of bone marrow fluid for microscopic evaluation (usually the pelvic bone and rarely the sternum)

Bone marrow aspiration

Removal of a small core sample of tissue from bone marrow for examination under a microscope and possibly for analysis using other tests

Bone marrow biopsy

Removal of the first lymph node that receives drainage from cancer containing areas, and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

Sentinel node biopsy

Removal of a lymph vessel

Lymphangiectomy

Infusion of blood or blood components into the bloodstream

Transfusion

Transfusion prepared from the recipients own blood

Autologous transfusion

Transfusion prepared from another individual, who is blood is compatible with that of the recipient

Homologous transfusion

Grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site or from one person to another

Transplantation

Harvesting, freezing, and reinfusing the patients on bone marrow to treat bone marrow hyperplasia following cancer therapy

Autologous bone marrow transplantation

Transplantation of bone marrow from one individual to another to treat aplastic, anemia, leukemia, and immunodeficiency disorders

Homologous bone marrow transplantation

The 3 types of muscle tissue C: _______________ _______________ _______________

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

_______________ also called voluntary or striated muscle, our muscles who’s action is under voluntary control. Some examples of voluntary muscles are muscles that move the eyeballs, tongue, and bones.

Skeletal muscles

_______________ is found only in the heart. It is unique for its branched, interconnections, and makes up most of the wall of the heart. Cardiac muscle shares similarities with both skeletal and smooth muscles. Like Skelton muscle it is striated, but it produces rhythmic involuntary contractions, like smooth muscle.

Cardiac muscle

_______________ also called involuntary or visceral muscles, our muscles, whose actions are involuntary. They are found principally in the visceral organs, walls of arteries and respiratory passages, and urinary and reproductive ducts. The contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Smooth muscles

Any body part attached to a main structure

Appendage

Place of union between 2 or more bones ; also called joint

Articulation

Spongy or porous structure, as found at the end of long bones

Cancellous

Ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles

Cruciate ligaments

Moves closer to the midline

Adduction

Moves away from the midline

Abduction

Decreases the angle of a joint

Flexion

Increases the angle of a joint

Extension

Move the bone around its own axis

Rotation

Turns the palm down

Pronation

Turns the palm up

Supination

Move the sole of the foot inward

Inversion

Move the sole of the foot outward

Eversion

Elevates the foot

Dorsiflexion

Lowers the foot (points the toes)

Plantar flexion

In __________ attachments, muscle fibers arise directly from bone

Fleshy

In __________ attachments, the connective tissue convergence at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum

Fibrous

4 principal types of bones : _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

Short bones Irregular bones Flat bones Long bones

_______________ or somewhat cube shaped. They consist of a core of spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone.

Short bones

_______________ include the bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes

Irregular bones

________________ or exactly what their name suggests. They provide broad services for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs

Flat bones

_______________ are found in the appendages of the body, such as the legs, arms, and fingers

Long bones

The _______________ is a dense white fibrous membrane that covers the remaining surface of the bone

Periosteum

An infant skull contains and unossified membrane or soft spot lying between the cranial bones, called a ______________

Fontanel

The 3 bones that are fused together to form a single bone called the innominate (hip) bone : __________ __________ __________

Ilium Ischium Pubis

Freely movable joints are called __________

Diarthroses

Only slightly movable joints are called ___________

Amphiarthroses

Immovable joints are called ___________

Synarthroses

Joints that allows movement are called ______________

Synovial joints

_______________ fracture : bone is broken, but no external wound exists

Closed fracture (simple)

_______________ fracture : involves a broken bone and an external wound that leads to the site of fracture (fragments of bone protrude through the skin)

Open fracture (complete)

_______________ fracture : a broken bone has injured an internal organ, such as when a broken rib pierces a lung

Complicated fracture

_______________ fracture : the bone has broken or splintered into pieces

Comminuted fracture

_______________ fracture : the bone is broken, and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone

Impacted fracture

_______________ fracture : the lining of fracture does not completely transverse the entire bone

Incomplete fracture

_______________ fracture : the broken bone does not extend through the entire thickness of the bone, one side of the bone is broken and one side of the bone is bent

Greenstick fracture - refers to the new branches on a tree that bend rather than break - Also known as an incomplete fracture

_______________ fracture : a break at the lower end of the radius, occurs just above the rest. It causes displacement of the hand, and usually occurs as a result of flexing a hand to cushion a fall.

Colles fracture

_______________ fracture : a minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment, and is seen on radiographic examination as a very thin hairline between the two segments, but not extending entirely through the bone

Hairline fracture

_______________ is a chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of the bones. That can occur in any bone, but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull.

Paget disease (osteitis deformans)

_______________ is a common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, and is characterized by decreased bone density that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation.

Osteoporosis

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left is called ______________

Scoliosis (C-shaped curvature of the spine)

An abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine is called ______________

Kyphosis Humpback Hunchback

An abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the lower portion of the spine is called _____________

Lordosis Swayback

_______________ is an inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and changes in structure

Arthritis

_________________ a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling deformities

Rheumatoid arthritis

_______________ is the most common type of connective tissue disease. Cartilage destruction and new bone formation at the edges of joints are the most common pathologies seen with this.

Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)

_______________ is a metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the blood. These crystals may become deposited and joints and soft tissue near joints, causing painful, swelling, and inflammation.

Gouty arthritis (gout)

__________________ a genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle tissue. There are several different types

Muscular dystrophy

malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system are called ______________

Sarcomas

3 major types of sarcomas include : _______________ _______________ _______________

Fibrosarcoma Osteosarcoma Ewing sarcoma

Stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

Ankylosis

Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Lameness, limping

Claudication

Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, facia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

Contracture

Use of electrical stimulation to record the strength of muscle contractions

Electromyography

Increase the severity of a disease or any of its symptoms

Exacerbation

Tumor of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist

Ganglion cyst

Effusion of blood into a joint cavity

Hemarthrosis

Loss of muscular tone, or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

Hypotonia

Primary malignant tumor that infiltrates the bone in red bone marrow

Multiple myeloma

Bony outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebrae in my exert pressure on the spinal cord ; also called bone spur

Osteophyte

Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

Phantom limb

Replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity

Prosthesis

Form of osteomalacia and children caused by vitamin D deficiency

Rickets

Fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

Sequestrum

Any slipping of a vertebrae from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

Spondylolisthesis

Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissue

Spondylosis

Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

Sprain

To exert physical force in a manner that may result in injury, usually muscular

Strain

Partial or incomplete dislocation

Subluxation

Congenital deformity of one or both feet, in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side ; also called club foot

Talipes Equinovarus

Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

Arthrography

Radiographic procedures that use low energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density

Bone density test

Radiographic examination of the intervertebral disc structures by injecting and contrast medium

Discography

Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae, and the fused, sacral vertebrae, including Anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

Lumbosacral spinal radiography

Radiography of the spinal cord after injecting a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral discs, and other lesions

Myelography

Procedure that reduces a bone to its normal position

Reduction

Reduction procedure, where fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

Closed reduction

Reduction procedure, that treats bone fractures by placing the bone in their proper position using surgery

Open reduction

Applications of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or other material to a body part to immobilize it during the healing process

Casting

Application of an orthopedic device to an injured body part for immobilization, stabilization, and protection during the healing process

Splinting

Use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture and facilitate the healing process

Traction

Partial or complete removal of an extremity, due to trauma or circulatory disease

Amputation

Puncture of a joint space, using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

Arthrocentesis

Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

Arthroclasia

Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures, using a thin, flexible, fiber, optic scope, called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiber, optic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

Arthroscopy

Implanting or transplanting bone tissue from one part of the body, or from another person, to serve as a replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

Bone grafting

Excision of bursa

Bursectomy

Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebrae

Laminectomy

Surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery for to replace a worn out prosthesis

Revision surgery

Revision surgery are often required to correct bone infection, misalignments of bones, broken, prosthesis, and fractures of the bone around the prosthesis

Bone revision surgery

Excision of a sequestrum

Sequestrectomy

Excision of a synovial membrane

Synovectomy

Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

Total hip replacement

Mineral salts that carry in electrical charge in solution

Electrolytes

Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli of the kidney

Filtrate

Products of cellular metabolism that contain nitrogen

Nitrogenous waste

Sequence of arithmetic contraction of smooth muscle of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow

Peristaltic waves

Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity

Peritoneum

Liquid portion of blood, composed, primarily of water, and containing dissolved proteins, nutrients, lipids, and various waste products

Plasma

Fluid containing sperm and secretions from the prostate and other structures of the male reproductive system

Semen

Androgenic hormone responsible for the development of male sex organs, including the penis, testicles, scrotum, and prostate

Testosterone

The bladder has small folds called _________ that expand as the bladder fills

Rugae

A triangular area at the base of the bladder called the ___________ is delineated by the openings of the ureters and the urethra

Trigone

_______________ occurs in the renal corpuscle, or plasma, containing water, electrolytes, sugar, and other small molecules is forced from the blood within the glomerulus into Bowman capsule to form filtrate

Filtration

______________ begins as filtrate travels through the long, twisted pathway of the tubule. Most of the water and some of the electrolytes and amino acids are returned to the peritubular, capillaries, and re-enter the circulating blood

Reabsorption

_______________ is the final stage of your information. Substances are actively secreted from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate in the renal tubules. Waste products, such as ammonia, uric acid, and metabolic products of medication‘s are secreted into the filtrate to be eliminated in urine

Secretion

_______________ is a disorder in which bacteria invade the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, commonly a result of a bladder infection that ascended to the kidney via the ureters. When the infection is severe, lesions, form in the renal pelvis, causing bleeding.

Pyelonephritis (kidney infection or complicated urinary tract infection)

Glomerular walls become inflamed, is called ________________

Glomerulonephritis

Stones may form in any part of the urinary tract, but most arise in the kidney, a condition called ________________

Nephrolithiasis

Stones lodged in the ureters cause intense throbbing pain called _________

Colic

______________________ is a treatment in which renal calculi are pulverized using concentrated ultrasound waves called shock waves that are directed at the stones from a machine outside the body

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

____________________ is a procedure in which a small incision is made in the skin, and an opening is formed in the kidneys. A nephroscope is inserted into the kidney to locate and remove the stone. If the stone is large than an ultrasonic and electrohydraulic probe is used to break the stone into smaller fragments, which are than more easily removed. And the frosting me to may be inserted in remain in place during healing.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

_____________________ is a procedure where a ureteroscope is passed through the urethra and bladder, and into the ureter where the basket collects the stone. For larger stones, it may be necessary to break them into smaller pieces using an endoscope fitted with a laser beam before the fragments are removed. no incision is required.

Ureteroscopic stone removal

_______________, the prostate gland enlarges & it decreases the urethral lumen and complete voiding of urine becomes difficult. Urine that remains in the bladder commonly becomes a breeding ground for bacteria. Bladder infection and ultimately kidney infection may result.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia Nodular hyperplasia Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Bladder infection

Cystitis

________________ , is a procedure in which a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra and a small loop chips away some of the obstructing tissue of the prostate. At the conclusion of surgery that urethra and bladder are irrigated to remove the small chips.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Failure of the testes descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth is called _______________

Cryptorchidism

_________________ , the tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply, or after the ingestion of toxic chemicals

Acute tubular necrosis

Absence of urine production or urinary output

Anuria

Retention of excessive amounts of nitrogen compounds in the blood ; also called uremia

Azotemia

Blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

Bladder neck obstruction

Renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids with normal dietary intake

Chronic renal failure

Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a burning sensation while urinating

Dysuria

Condition in which kidney function is permanently lost

End stage renal disease

Involuntary discharge of urine ; also called incontinence

Enuresis

Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

Fistula

Involuntary delay in initiating urination

Hesitancy

Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract.

Hydronephrosis

Loss of large amounts of plasma, proteins, usually albumin by way of urine, due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

Nephrotic syndrome

Excessive or frequent urination after going to bed

Nocturia

Diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in an efficient excretion of the end products of metabolism

Oliguria

Inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys

Polycystic kidney disease

Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction of the ureter

Vesicoureteral reflux

Rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children

Wilms tumor

Congenital, absence of one or both testes ; also called anorchia or anorchism

Anorchidism

Failure to form or ejaculate semen

Aspermia

Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis

Balanitis

Malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis

Epispadias

Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse

Erectile dysfunction

Accumulation of serous fluid in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures

Hydrocele

Developmental anomaly, in which the urethra openings on the underside of the penis, or an extreme cases on the perineum

Hypospadias

Stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice, so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis

Phimosis

Inability to produce offspring

Sterility

Swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord

Varicocele

Screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer

Digital rectal examination

Endoscopy of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, and removal of polyps

Cystoscopy

Endoscopy of the kidneys, using a specialized three channel endoscope that enables visualization in irrigation of the kidney

Nephroscopy

Endoscopy of the urethra, using a specialized endoscope typically for lithotripsy or TURP

Urethroscopy

Test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Test that determines the causative organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics

Culture and sensitivity

Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm, count, motility, and morphology to evaluate, fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy

Semen analysis

Battery of tests performed on a urine specimen, including physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation

Urinalysis

Radiographic examination of the urinary bladder using a contrast medium

Cystography

Procedure that assesses volume and pressure in the bladder at various stages of filling, using saline and a contrast medium introduced into the bladder through a catheter

Cystometrography

Radiographic examination of the kidneys and urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium

Intravenous pyelography

Radiological examination of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

Voiding cystourethrography

Medical procedure used to filter toxic substances from the patient’s bloodstream, such as excess electrolytes in nitrogenous waste

Dialysis

Method of removing waste substances from the blood by shutting it from the body, passing it through an artificial kidney machine, where it is filtered, and then returning the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body

Hemodialysis

Removal of toxic substances from the body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm sterile chemical solution

Peritoneal dialysis

Fixation of a floating or mobile kidney

Nephropexy

Removal of one or both testes

Orchidectomy

Incision of a urethral stricture

Urethrotomy

Excision of all, or a segment of the vas deferens

Vasectomy

_____________ , the initial menstrual period, occurs at puberty and continues approximately 40 years except during pregnancy

Menarche

The average pregnancy lasts approximately ____________ and is followed by childbirth

9 months

Up to the third month of pregnancy, the product of conception is referred to as the _____________ and after the third month up to birth, the unborn offspring is referred to as the ____________

Embryo Fetus

Absence of menses

Amenorrhea

Labor occurs in 3 stages : ____________ ____________ ____________

Stage of dilation Stage of expulsion Placental stage, or afterbirth

Menstrual pain and tension

Dysmenorrhea

Irregular uterine bleeding between menstrual periods

Metrorrhagia

______________ is a disorder with signs and symptoms that range from complaints of headache and fatigue to mood changes, anxiety, depression, uncontrollable, crying, spells, and water retention

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Profuse or prolonged bleeding during regular menstruation

Menorrhagia Hypermenorrhea

_______________ the presence of functional endometrial tissue in areas outside of the uterus. The endometrial tissue develops into what are called implants, lesions, or growths, and can cause pain, infertility, and other problems.

Endometriosis

____________________ is a general term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, adjacent pelvic structures, and is usually caused by bacterial infections

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

_______________ is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gonorrhea

_______________ is caused by infection with the bacterium Treponema pallidum and is characterized by three distinct phases. The first phase includes a primary store that develops at the point where the organism enters the body. The second phase produces a variety of symptoms that make diagnosis of the disease difficult. The third phase is the latent phase whereby the disease may remain dormant for years

Syphilis

_______________ is caused by infection with the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia

_______________ causes red blister like painful lesions that closely resemble the common fever, blister, or cold sore that appears on the lips in around the mouth

Genital herpes

_______________ caused by the human papillomavirus

Genital warts

___________________ is caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomoniasis

Accessory parts of a structure

Adnexa

Congenital, absence, or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina

Atresia

Malignant neoplasm of the uterus, or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy

Choriocarcinoma

Contraceptive device consisting of a hemisphere of thin rubber bonded to a flexible ring ; inserted into the vagina together with spermicidal gel or cream up to 2 hours before coitus so that the spermatozoa cannot enter the uterus, thus preventing conception

Contraceptive diaphragm

Ovarian scar tissue that results from rupturing of a follicle during ovulation, and becomes a small yellow body that produces progesterone after ovulation

Corpus luteum

Occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse

Dyspareunia

Inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri

Endocervicitis

Benign uterine tumor is composed of muscle and fibrous tissue

Fibroids Myomas

Inability or diminished ability to produce offspring

Infertility

Use of hormones to suppress ovulation and prevent contraception

Hormonal contraception

Birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone and varying proportions

Oral contraceptive pills

Scanty or infrequent menstrual flow

Oligomenorrhea

Region between the vulva and anus that constitutes the pelvic floor

Perineum

Period during which secondary sex characteristics begin to develop, and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained

Puberty

Pause in the fallopian tube

Pyosalpinx

Turning or state of being turned back, especially in an entire organ such as the uterus being tipped from its normal position

Retroversion

Painful spasm of the vagina from contraction of its surrounding muscles

Vaginismus

Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus

Abortion

Premature separation of a normal situated placenta

Abruptio placentae

Membrane, continuous with and covering the fetal side of the placenta, that forms the outer surface of the umbilical cord

Amnion

Common abnormality of delivering in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than ahead

Breech presentation

Congenital condition, characterized by physical malformations and some degree of mental retardation

Down syndrome, trisomy 21

Difficult labor, which may be produced by the large size of the fetus or the small size of the pelvic outlet

Dystocia

Most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy

Eclampsia

Pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum does not reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity, such as a Fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri

Ectopic pregnancy

Pregnant woman

Gravida

Woman who has been pregnant more than once

Multigravida

Woman who was delivered more than one viable infant

Multipara

Woman who has given birth to one or more valuable infants

Para

Process of giving birth

Parturition

Measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis during the delivery process

Pelvimetry

Condition in which the placenta is attach near the cervix and ruptures prematurely, with spotting as the early symptom

Placenta previa

Woman pregnant for the first time

Primigravida

Woman who has given birth to one viable infant, her first child, indicated by the notation para I on the patient’s chart

Primipara

Period of 42 days after childbirth and expulsion of the placenta and membranes, during which the reproductive organs usually return to normal

Puerperium

Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance, using a needle and syringe to remove amniotic fluid

Amniocentesis

Delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication

Insufflation

Test for patency of the uterine tubes made by transuterine insufflation with carbon dioxide

Tubal insufflation

Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument called a colposcope

Colposcopy

Sampling of placental tissue from prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects

Chorionic villus sampling

Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study

Endometrial biopsy

Psychological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina, usually obtain during routine pelvic examination

Papanicolaou test (pap)

Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer

Mammography

Radiography of the uterus and uterine tubes, following injection of a contrast medium

Hysterosalpingography

Surgery design to correct an unsuccessful procedure that has created a cosmetic problem or poses a health risk

Breast implant revision

Suturing the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, does decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion. The sutures are removed prior to delivery.

Cerclage

Incision of the head abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus

Cesarean birth C-section

Surgical closure of the vagina canal

Colpocleisis

Excision of a cone shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination

Conization

Sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance

Cordocentesis

Process of freezing tissue to destroy cells

Cryosurgery

Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator in scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette

Dilation and curettage

Repair of a lacerated vulva or an episiotomy

Episiorrhaphy

Incision of the perineum from the vaginal orifice, usually done to prevent tearing of the tissue and to facilitate childbirth

Episiotomy

Excision of the uterus

Hysterectomy

Hysterectomy where the service, ovaries, and a Fallopian tubes remain

Sub total hysterectomy

Hysterectomy where the cervix removed, but the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain

Total hysterectomy

Total hysterectomy, including uterus, service, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

Total hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Plastic or metal object placed inside the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine lining

Intrauterine device (IUD)

Excision of a small primary breast tumor, and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it

Lumpectomy

Surgical reconstruction of the breasts to change the size, shape, or position

Mammoplasty

Breast enlargement to increase breast size or to replace one that has been surgically removed

Mammoplasty augmentation

Breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast

Mammoplasty reduction

Excision of the entire breast

Mastectomy

Excision of the entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin

Total mastectomy (simple mastectomy)

Excision of the entire breast, including the lymph nodes in the under arm (axillary dissection)

Modified radical mastectomy

Excision of the entire breast, all under arm, lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast

Radical mastectomy

Excision of a myomatous tumor, generally uterine

Myomectomy

Reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of breast, cancer or other disease

Reconstructive breast surgery

Common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced with a more permanent implant

Tissue expansion reconstructive breast surgery

Surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen, which is passed under the skin to the breast area. The abdominal tissue is shaped into a natural looking breast and sutured into place.

Transverse rectus abdominous muscle flap (TRAM)

Excision of an ovary and fallopian tube

Salpingo-oophorectomy

Procedure that ties the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy

Tubal ligation

________________ , is known as the master gland, because it regulates many body activities, and stimulates other glands, to secrete their own specific hormones

Pituitary gland

Acting in opposition ; mutually opposing

Antagonistic

Hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating, deliver to change stored glycogen to glucose

Glucagon

Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

Glucose

Chemical substances produced by specialized cells in the body that are released slowly in minute amounts directly into the bloodstream

Hormones

Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells to ask to remove glucose from the blood by promoting it storage and tissues as glycogen

Insulin

Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathomimetic

Structure, organ, or tissue, to which something is directed

Target

When hypothyroidism develops during adulthood, it is known as __________

Myxedema

When hyperparathyroidism is generalized and all bones are affected, this disorder is known as ______________________ - renal symptoms and kidney stones may develop

Von Recklinghausen disease

_______________ is a relatively uncommon. Chronic disorder caused by a deficiency of cortical hormones, results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied. Atrophy of the adrenal glands is probably the result of an autoimmune process in which circulating adrenal antibodies slowly destroy the gland. The gland usually suffers 90% destruction before clinical signs of adrenal insufficiency appear. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex interferes with the body‘s ability to handtool internal and external stress. In severe cases, the disturbance of sodium and potassium metabolism may be marked by depletion of sodium and water through urination, resulting in severe chronic dehydration.

Addison’s disease

_______________ is a cluster of symptoms, produced by excessive amounts of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic, hormone, or both circulating in the blood. There is an alteration in carbohydrate and protein, metabolism, and electrolyte balance. Overproduction of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids cause blood sugar concentrations to remain high, depleting tissue proteins. In addition, sodium retention causes increased fluid and tissue that leads to edema. These metabolic changes produce weight gain and may cause structural changes, such as a moon shaped face, grossly exaggerated head, and trunk, and pencil, thin arms, and legs. Causes of this excess secretion include. : - Long-term administration of steroid drugs in treating such a diseases - Adrenal tumor resulting in excessive production of cortisol - Cushing disease, a pituitary disorders caused by hypersecretion of ACTH from an adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland

Cushing syndrome

_______________ is a medullary tumor or neoplasm in which it produces excessive amount of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pheochromocytoma

As fat is metabolized, ketones are produced and enter the blood causing a condition called _____________

Ketosis

_______________ is usually diagnosed and children and young adults and was previously called juvenile diabetes. The body does not produce sufficient insulin. Treatment include injection of insulin to maintain a normal level of glucose in the blood.

Type 1 diabetes

_______________ is the most common form and is distinctively different from type one. It’s onset was typically later in life, but it has become more prevalent in children as the incidence of obesity has increased. Risk factors include a family, history of diabetes and obesity. And type two diabetes, the body is deficient in producing sufficient insulin, or the body cells are resistant to insulin action and target tissues. Hyperglycemia that results may cause cell starvation and overtime. May damage the kidneys, eyes, nerves, or heart. Treatment includes exercise, diet, weight, loss, and if needed insulin or oil, antidiabetic medication’s. Oral antidiabetic medication‘s activate the release of pancreatic insulin or improve the body’s sensitivity to insulin.

Type 2 diabetes

_______________ may occur in women who are not diabetic, but develop diabetes during pregnancy. They develop an inability to metabolize carbohydrates with resultant hyperglycemia. This most often resolves after childbirth.

Gestational diabetes

Chronic metabolic disorder, characterized by a gradual, marked enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw. This is caused by overproduction of growth hormone.

Acromegaly

Increased formation and secretion of urine

Diuresis

Presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

Glycosuria

Multisystem auto immune disorder, characterized by pronounce hyperthyroidism, usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos

Graves’ disease

Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

Hirsutism

Excessive amount of calcium in the blood

Hypercalcemia

Excessive amount of potassium in the blood

Hyperkalemia

Abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body

Hypervolemia

Abnormal condition of low sodium in the body

Hyponatremia

Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Insulinoma

Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity

Panhypopituitarism

Small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla

Pheochromocytoma

Crisis of uncontrolled hypothyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone

Thyroid storm Thyroid crisis Thyrotoxic crisis

Masculine, or having characteristics of a man

Virile

Masculinization in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in the woman

Virilism

Test that measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in Graves’ disease

Exophthalmometry

Test that measures blood glucose levels after a 12 hour fast

Fasting blood glucose

Test that measures the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels in the blood and urine at regular intervals

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Test that determines insulin levels in serum by administering insulin and measuring blood glucose levels in blood at regular intervals

Insulin tolerance test

Test that measures the concentration of thyroxine in a blood sample

Protein bound iodine

Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

Thyroid function test

Test that measures calcium to detect a bone and parathyroid disorders

Total calcium

Microdissection of a tumor, using a binocular surgical microscope for magnification

Microneurosurgery of the pituitary gland

Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroidectomy

Removal of the pineal body

Pinealectomy

Excision of the thymus gland

Thymectomy

Excision of the thyroid gland

Thyroidectomy

Method of choice for removing a fibrous, nodular thyroid

Partial thyroidectomy

Removal of most of the thyroid to relieve hyperthyroidism

Subtotal thyroidectomy

Carry or move, inward or toward a central structure

Afferent

Protective mechanism that block, specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue

Blood brain barrier

Network of nervous tissue found in the brain and spinal cord

Central nervous system

Carry or move away from a central structure

Efferent

Additional sheath external to myelin that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system

Neurilemma

Chamber or cavity of an organ that receives or hold of fluid

Ventricle

The brain and spinal cord receive limited protection, from 3 coverings called meninges, which include: __________ __________ __________

Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater

_______________ provides a sample of CSF for analysis and helps identify various types of meningitis and encephalitis

Lumbar puncture

_______________ is an inflammation of the nerve root associated with the spinal column

Radiculopathy Radiculitis

_______________ refers to any functional abnormality of the cerebrum caused by disorders of the blood vessels of the brain

Cerebrovascular disease

The 3 major types of strokes are : _______________ _______________ _______________

Ischemic stroke Intracerebral hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage

stroke symptoms that resolved within 24 hours are known as ________________

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Thrombolytic medication is usually administered within _______ of symptom onset, when ischemic stroke is diagnosed

3 hours

_______________ include any medical condition, characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness, as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. Characterized by sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in neurons, resulting in temporary changes in brain function.

Seizure disorders

_______________ , only a portion of the brain is involved. There is a short alteration of consciousness of about 10 - 30 seconds with repetitive unusual movement and confusion.

Partial seizures

_______________ , the entire brain is involved. The most common type of this seizure is the tonic clonic seizure also called the grand mal seizure. In the tonic phase, the entire body becomes rigid ; in the clonic phase there is uncontrolled jerking. Recovery may take minutes to hours and usually leaves a patient week.

Generalized seizure

In _______________ , tonic-clonic seizures follow one after another without an intervening period of recovery. It is a life-threatening emergency that involves the whole cortex and emergency medical attention.

Status epilepticus

_______________ is a progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement. As neurons degenerate, the patient develops uncontrollable nodding of the head, decreased speed of movement, tremors, large joint, stiffness, and a shuffling gait. Muscle rigidity causes facial expressions to appear fixed and mask-like with unblinking eyes. Sometimes the patient exhibits “pill rolling” and which they inadvertently rubs the thumb against the index finger.

Parkinson disease Shaking palsy

__________________ is a progressive, degenerative disease of the central nervous system. It is characterized by inflammation, hardening, and finally loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain. As myelin deteriorates, the transmission of electrical impulses from Wonder onto another, is impeded.

Multiple sclerosis

_________________ is a progressive neurological disorder that causes memory loss in serious mental deterioration. Small lesions called plaques develop in the cerebral cortex and disrupt the passage of electrical chemical signals between cells. The clinical manifestations include memory, loss and cognitive decline. There is also a decline in social skills and the ability to carry out activities of daily living. Most patients undergo personality, emotional, and behavioral changes. As the disease progresses loss of concentration and increased fatigue, restlessness, and anxiety are common.

Alzheimer’s disease

_______________ includes any array of physiological disorders, syndromes, and behavioral patterns that cause alterations in mood, behavior, and thinking.

Mental illness

____________ refers to a serious mental disorder commonly characterized by false beliefs, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. The patient’s speech is usually incoherent and disorganized and behavior is erratic.

Psychosis

____________ is a mental disorder caused by an emotion experience in the past that overwhelmingly interferes or affects a present emotion

Neurosis

In ability to comprehend auditory, visual, special, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact

Agnosia

Weakness, debility, for loss of strength

Asthenia

Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

Ataxia

Premonitory awareness of an approaching physical or mental disorder ; peculiar sensation that precedes seizures

Aura

Developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level

Autism

Injury to the head in which the Dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed

Closed head trauma

Abnormally deep unconsciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli

Coma

Injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of injury or trauma to the head

Concussion

Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more muscles

Convulsion

Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment

Dementia

Inability to learning process written language despite adequate intelligence, century ability, and exposure

Dyslexia

Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which the myelin sheath on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflux, response, and sudden muscle weakness

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Painful, acute infectious disease of the posterior root ganglia of only a few segments of the spinal cord or cranial nerves ; also called shingles

Herpes zoster

Inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration

Huntington chorea

Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased cranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones

Hydrocephalus

Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli ; also called sluggishness

Lethargy

Non-psychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

Neurosis

Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor

Palsy

Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, associated with herpes virus

Bell palsy

Type of paralysis that affects movement and body position, and sometimes speech and learning ability

Cerebral palsy

Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation

Paralysis

Paralysis of one side of the body, typically as the result of a stroke ; also called unilateral paralysis

Hemiplegia

Paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord

Paraplegia

Paralysis of both arms and legs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the upper spinal cord

Quadriplegia

Major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting challenges of daily life

Psychosis

Defect in which the neural tube fails to close during embryogenesis (tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord in the fetus)

Spina bifida

Form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly, but the meninges protrude through the spine

Meningocele spina bifida

Quadriplegia can result from an injury at the ____or___ vertebrae

C4 C6

Paraplegia can result from an injury at the ___or___ vertebrae

T6 L1

Most severe form of spina bifida, in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine

Myelomeningocele

Form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin

Occulta myelomeningocele

Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity

Paresthesia

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal in muscle deformity and paralysis

Poliomyelitis

Acute encephalopathy and fat infiltration of the brain, liver, and possibly the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes

Reye syndrome

Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve felt at the base of the spine, down the thigh, and radiating down the leg due to a compressed nerve

Sciatica

Temporary loss of consciousness, due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain ; also called fainting

Syncope

Syncope due to a drop in blood pressure brought on by the response of the nervous system to abrupt emotional stress, pain, or trauma

Vasovagal syncope

General type of seizure characterized by the loss of consciousness and stiffening of the body followed by rhythmic, jerking movements

Tonic-clonic seizure

Temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting from a few minutes to a few hours

Transient ischemic attack

Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Recording of electrical signals that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage

Electromyography (EMG)

Needles puncture of the spinal cord to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduced anesthetics agents into the spinal cord, or remove fluid to allow other fluids to be injected ; also called spinal puncture & spinal tap

Lumbar puncture

Test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve

Nerve conduction velocity

Series of chemical, microscopic, and microbial tests, used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Precise method of locating in destroying sharply circumscribed lesions on specific, tiny areas of pathological tissue in deep seeded structures of the central nervous system ; also called stereotaxy or stereotactic surgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery

Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain, involuntary movements, or emotional disturbances

Thalamotomy

Transection of a nerve tracked in the brain stem or spinal cord

Tractotomy

Technique that cuts a circular opening in the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intercranial pressure

Trephination

Interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer

Vagotomy

The eye is a globe shaped organ composed of 3 distinct tunics : _______________ _______________ _______________

Fibrous tunic Vascular tunic Sensory tunic

Adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images fall on the retina of the eye

Accommodation

Clearness or sharpness of a sensory function

Acuity

Tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure

Adnexa

Being loosely joined or connected together to allow motion between the parts

Articulating

Any fluid or semifluid of the body

Humor

Series of intricate communicating passages

Labyrinth

Substance that does not allow the passage of light ; not transparent

Opaque

Fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid, but found in the cochlea

Perilymph

Light-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorb light and initiates the visual process ; also called visual pigment

Photopigment

Ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another

Refractive

Layer or coat of tissue ; also called membrane layer

Tunic

In the central portion of the retina is a highly sensitive structure, called the ____________

Macula

If aqueous humor fails to drain from the eye at the rate at which it is produced, a condition called _________ results

Glaucoma

The ear canal is a slender tube lined with glands that produce a waxy secretion called _____________

Cerumen

The _______________ connects the middle ear to the pharynx

Eustachian tube

_______________ refers to the orientation of the body relative to gravity. It allows an individual to maintain posture in orientation while at rest.

Static equilibrium

_______________ refers to maintaining body position in response to movement

Dynamic equilibrium

__________________ is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the eye

Ophthalmology

_______________ is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the ear, nose, and throat

Otolaryngology

Error of refraction

Ametropia

Farsightedness

Hyperopia Hypermetropia

A form of farsightedness is called _______________ , in which a defect associated with the aging process

Presbyopia

In another form of ametropia called ________________ , the cornea or lens has a defective curvature. This curvature causes light rays to diffuse over a larger area of the retina rather than being sharply focused.

Astigmatism

_______________ are opacities that form on the lens and impaired vision. These opacities are commonly produced by protein that slowly builds up overtime until vision is affected.

Cataracts

_______________ is characterized by increased intraocular pressure caused by the failure of aqueous humor to drain from the I threw a tiny duct called the canal of Schlemm. The increased pressure of the optic nerve destroys it, and vision is permanently lost.

Glaucoma

An instrument that measures intraocular pressure

Tonometer

_______________ is a condition in which one eye is misaligned with the other, and the eyes do not focused simultaneously when viewing an object. The misalignment may be in any direction. The deviation may be a constant condition, or may arise intermediately with stress, exhaustion, or illness.

Strabismus

_______________ what is a deterioration of the macula, the most sensitive portion of the retina. The macula is responsible for central, or straightahead vision required for reading, driving, detail, work, and recognizing faces.

Macular degeneration

_______________ is an inflammation of the middle ear. This infection may be caused by a virus or bacterium.

Otitis media

The usual treatment for children with recurrent ear infections is the use of _________________________

Pressure equalizing tubes (eustachian, ear tubes)

_______________ is a disorder characterized by an abnormal hardening of bones of the middle ear that cause hearing loss. The ossicle most commonly affected is the steepest, the bone that attaches to the oval window of the cochlea.

Otosclerosis

In melanoma where the lesion is on the iris of the eye, an _______________ is performed

Iridectomy

In melanoma of the choroid, _______________ is necessary

Enucleation (removal of the effected eye)

Severe congenital deficiency in color perception ; also called complete color blindness

Achromatopsia

Small hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst

Chalazion

Inflammation of the conjunctiva with vascular congestion, producing a red or pink eye ; may be secondary to viral, bacterial, fungal infections, or allergy

Conjunctivitis

Medial movement of the 2 eyeballs so that they are both directed at the object being viewed

Convergence

Measurement of refractive error

Diopter

Eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid

Ectropion

State of normal vision

Emmetropia

Inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid

Entropion

Abnormal overflow of tears

Epiphora

Protrusion of one or both eyeballs

Exophthalmos

Localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid, generally caused by bacterial infection ; also called stye

Hordeolum

Visual distortion of objects

Metamorphopsia

Impaired vision in dim light ; also called night blindness

Nyctalopia

Involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious condition that limit vision

Nystagmus

Edema or hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased Intra cranial pressure ; also called choked disc

Papilledema

Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light

Photophobia

Loss of accommodation of the crystalline lens associated with aging process

Presbyopia

Any disorder of retinal blood vessels

Retinopathy

Disorder that occurs in patients with diabetes, and his manifested by small hemorrhages, edema, formation of new vessels on the retina, leading to scarring and eventually loss of vision

Diabetic retinopathy

Chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis common in the southwestern United States that typically lead to blindness

Trachoma

Area within which objects may be seen when the eye is in a fixed position

Visual field

Complete deafness

Anacusis

Blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear

Conduction impairment

Inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute febrile process

Labyrinthitis

Disorder of the labyrinth that leads to progressive loss of hearing

Ménière disease

Condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organ is responsible for hearing, caused by sounds that are “too loud, too long, or to close”

Noise induced hearing loss

Infection of the external auditory canal

Otitis externa

Impairment of hearing resulting from old age

Presbyacusis

Tubes that are inserted through the tympanic membrane, commonly to treat chronic otitis media

Pressure equalizing tubes (PE tubes)

Perception of ringing, hissing, or other, sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present

Tinnitus

Hallucination of movement, or a feeling of spinning or dizziness

Vertigo

Measurement of hearing acuity at various sound wave frequencies

Audiometry

Test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear to determine if nerve damage is the cause of vertigo

Caloric stimulation test

Method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles

Electronystagmography

Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels

Ophthalmodynamometry

Evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to identification by an applied force

Tonometry

Part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standard chart at a distance of 20 feet

Visual acuity test

Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation, and diagnose and manage glaucoma

Gonioscopy

Visual examination of the interior of the eye, using a handheld instrument, called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye

Ophthalmoscopy

Visual examination of the internal auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

Otoscopy

Procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

Pneumatic otoscopy

Evaluation of refractive errors of the eye, by projecting your light into the eye and determining the movement of reflected light rays

Retinoscopy

Radiographic imaging procedures of the nasolacrimal glands and ducts

Dacryocystography

Assess his blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorescein dye. The dye circulates, while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained.

Fluorescein angiography

Exercises intended to improve eye-movement or visual tracking that use training glasses, prism glasses, or tented/colored lenses

Orthoptic training

Cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly form as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun

Blepharoplasty

Artificial hearing device that produces useful hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear

Cochlear implant

Formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma

Cyclodialysis

Removal of the eyeball from the orbit

Enucleation

Removal of the contents of the eye, while leaving the sclera and cornea intact

Evisceration

Surgical opening of a cavity within the mastoid process

Mastoid antrotomy

Corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna

Otoplasty

Method of treating Cataracts by using ultrasonic waves to disintegrate a cloudy lens, which is the aspirated and removed

Phacoemulsification

Incision of the cornea for treatment of nearsightedness or astigmatism

Radial keratotomy

Surgical formation of an opening in the sclera

Sclerostomy

Method used to evaluate sound conduction, using a vibrating tuning fork

Tuning fork test

Tuning for test that evaluates bone conduction VS air conduction of sound

Rinne tuning fork test

Tuning fork test that evaluates bone conduction of sound in both ears at the same time

Weber tuning fork test

Reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly due to perforation

Tympanoplasty Myringoplasty

Medical Terms Flashcards

(917 cards)