MEDICATION Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Substance administer for diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of symptom for prevention of disease.
A
Medication
2
Q
Same as medication but also refers to illicitly obtained substance
A
Drug
3
Q
Written direction for preparation and administration of a drug
A
Prescription
4
Q
Name used throughout the drug’s lifetime
A
Generic Name
5
Q
Given by drug manufacturer
Identifies it as property of that company
A
Trade (brand) name
6
Q
Name by which drug is listed in official publications
A
Official Name
7
Q
Name by which a chemist knows it
Describes constituents of the drug precisely
A
Chemical Name
8
Q
Study of effect of drugs on living organisms
A
Pharmacology
9
Q
Prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered
A
Pharmacy
10
Q
Person who prepares, makes, and dispenses drugs as ordered
A
Pharmacist
11
Q
DRUG STANDARDS
- Drugs can be made from plants, minerals, or animals, or be produced synthetically.
- Standards ensure drugs are pure and of uniform strength, uniform quality.
- U.S Pharmacopeia described drug sources, properties, tests done, storage methods, assay category, normal dosages
A
.
12
Q
Legal Aspects of Administering Medications
- Nursing practice acts
- Recognizing limits of own knowledge and skill
- Take responsibility for actions
- Question any order that appears reasonable
- Refuse to give medication until order is clarified
A
Controlled substances
- Kept under lock
- special inventory forms
- documentation requirements
- procedures for discarding
- end-of-shift counts of controlled substances
13
Q
- Ordered by physicians (sometimes nurse practitioners, physician assistants depending on state laws and agency policies)
- Can be made through written, verbal, or telephone orders
- Abbreviation, acronyms, and symbols
A
Medication orders
14
Q
- Carried out until the specified period of time or until it is discontinued by another order.
- Indefinitely, such as multiple vitamins daily
- specified number, such as KCl BID x 2 days
A
Standing order
15
Q
Carried out at once or immediately (e.g Paracetamol 300mg IV STAT)
A
Stat order
16
Q
Carried out for one time only (e.s. seconal 100 mg HS before sugery)
A
Single order
17
Q
Carried out as needed/as the patient requires (Such as Paracetamol 300 mg IV PRN for temp of 37.8 or above)
A
PRN order
18
Q
Essential parts of a medication order
A
- fullname of client
- Date and time order is written
- Name of drug to be administered
- Dosage of drug
- Frequency of administration
- Route of administration
- Signatre of person writing the order
19
Q
Parts of prescription
A
- Desc info about the client: name, age, and address
- Date on which the prescription was written
- The Rx symbol, meaning “Take thou”
- Medication name, dosage, and strength
- Route of administration
- Dispensing instructions for the pharmacist for example “Dispense 30 capsules”
- Refill and/or special labelling for example, “Refill x1”
- Prescriber’s signature
20
Q
Communicating medication orders
A
- written on chart, provided by phone or verbally
- copied to kardex or MAR, or on computer printout
21
Q
IF an order seems inappropriate
A
- contact primary care provider
- Document in notes when PCP called, what was communicated, how PCP responded
- Or, document attempts to reach and reason for withholding drug
- If medication given, document client condition before and after dose
- If needed, document factual information on incident report
22
Q
The primary effects intended, that is the reason drug is prescribed, also called desired effect
A
Therapeutic effect
23
Q
Unintended, usually predictable; may be harmless or harmful; also called secondary effect
A
Side effect
24
Q
- More severe side effect; may justify discontinuation of a drug
A
Adverse effect
25
- Results from overdose, ingestion of external-use drug, or buildup of drug in blood
Drug toxicity
26
* Immunologic reaction to drug; can be mild to severe reactions (Anaphylactic reaction, anaphylaxis)
Drug allergy
27
- a severe allergic reaction which usually occurs immediately following administration of drug
Anaphylactic reaction
28
* Unusually low physiological response (can be due to repeated administration of drug or chemically related substance).
* Requires increases in the dosage to maintain a given therapeutic effect
Drug tolerance
29
Increased effect resulting from rate of dosage being higher than rate of excretion
Cumulative effect
30
- Unexpected; may be individual to client. Can be overresponse, under response, different response than expected, unpredictable or unexplained responses.
Idiosyncratic effect
31
- One drug alters effect of other drug(s).
- Effects of one drug are modified by the prior or concurrent administration of another drug, thereby increasing or decreasing the pharmacological action.
Drug interaction
32
One or both drugs is increased.
Potentiating effect
33
Two of same types of drugs increase action of each other.
Additive
34
Two different drugs increase action of one or another.
Synergistic
35
Effect of one or both drugs is decreased.
Inhibiting effect
36
Disease unintentionally caused by medical or drug therapy
Iatrogenic disease
37
* Conjoint effect of two drugs is less than the drugs acting separately.
Summation
Drug Antagonism
38
* The combined effect of two drugs produces a result that equals the sum of the individual effects of each agent.
Summation
39
The combined effects of drugs is greater than the sum of each individual agent acting independently.
Synergism
40
* Inappropriate intake of a substance, either continually or periodically
Drug Abuse
41
A person's reliance to take a drug or substance. Intense physical or emotional disturbance is produced if the drug is withdrawn.
Drug dependence
42
It is due to biochemical changes in body tissues, especially in the nervous system. Also called physical dependence.
Addiction
43
* It is the emotional reliance on drug to maintain a sense of well-being accompanied by feelings of need or cravings for the drug. Also called psychological dependence.
Habituation
44
Therapeutic actions of drugs
- Palliative
- Curative
- Supportive
- Substitutive
- Chemotherapeutic
- Restorative
45
- Relieves the symptoms of a disease but not affect the disease itself. e.g. antineoplastic agents for cancer.
Palliative
46
- Treats the disease condition. e.g. antibiotic for infection.
Curative
47
- Sustains body functions until other treatment of the body's response can take over. e.g. Mannitol to reduce ICP (intracranial pressure) in a client for surgery due to brain tumor.
Supportive
48
- Replaces body fluids or substances. e.g. insulin injection for diabetes mellitus.
Substitutive
49
- Destroys malignant cells. e.g. Cyclophosphamide for cancer of the prostate gland.
Chemotherapeutic
50
- Returns the body to health. e.g. multivitamins for elderly clients.
Restorative
51
General Properties of Drugs
1. Drugs do not confer any new function on a tissue or organ in the body. They only modify existing functions.
2. Drugs in general exert multiple actions rather than single effect. Therefore, no drug is free from side effect.
3. Drug interaction results from physiochemical interaction between the drug and a functionally important molecule in the body.
52
Action of drugs on the body
Half-life: Time interval required for body's elimination processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the body by one-half
Onset of action: The time after administration when the body initially responds to the drug
Peak plasm level: the highest plasma level achieved by a single dose when the elimination rate of the drug equals the absorption rate
Plateau: a maintained concentration of a drug in the plasma during a series of scheduled
.
53
Mechanism of drug action and relationships between drug concentration and the body's responses
Pharmacodynamics
54
Drug's target
Receptor
55
Same response as endogenous substance
Agonist
56
Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor's site
Antagonist
57
* Study of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs
Pharmacokinetics
58
* Process by which drug passes into bloodstream
* Rate is variable
* Depends on food, acid medium
* Drug bypassed if injected
Absorption
59
Factors affecting drug absorption
- Blood flow
- Pain
- Stress
- Food
- Exercise
- Nature of absorbing surface
- Solubility of the drug
- pH
- Drug concentration
- Dosage form
- Blood brain barrier
- Placental barrier
- Obesity
- Receptor combination
.
60
* Transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action
* Factors affecting drug distribution
* Volume distribution
* Barriers to drug distribution
Distribution
61
- Process by which a drug is converted to a less active form
- The liver is the principal site of drug metabolism.
- Oral medications: go directly to the liver via the portal circulation before entering
- Many medications become entirely inactivated by the liver the first time they go through it.
Biotransformation
62
products of Biotransformation process
Metabolites
63
Protein binding
Plasma
64
Factors that affect drug metabolism
* Age
* Nutrition
* Insufficient amounts of major body hormones
.
65
- Process by which metabolites are eliminated
- Most important route of excretion for most drug is kidneys in a form of urine.
Excretion
66
Factors that affect excretion
- Renal excretion
- Drugs that can affect elimination of other drug
- Blood concentration levels
- Half life.
67
Factors affecting medication action
DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS
--- Risks during pregnancy
--- Infants require smaller dosages.
--- Older adults experience decreased gastric motility
GENDER
--- More drug research done on men
CULTURAL, ETHNIC, AND GENETIC FACTOR
--- Pharmacogenetics
--- Ethnopharmacology - Study the effect of racial, ethnic responses to prescribed medication
DIET
--- Nutrients can affect action of a medication
ENVIRONMENT
--- Especially affects drugs used to alter behavior and mood
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
--- Expectations
ILLNESS AND DISEASE
--- Action altered in clients with circulatory, liver, or kidney dysfunction
TIME OF ADMINISTRATION
--- Some drugs absorbed more quickly if stomach is empty, some when stomach is full.
68
Systems of measurement
1. Metric System
2. Apothecary System
3. Household System
69
Devised by the french; Logically organized into units of 10
e.g gram (g), meter (m)
Metric System
70
Older than metric system; as much as possible do not use unfamiliar to many
e.g grain (gr) minim (m) pint (pt)
Apothecary System
71
e.g drop(gtt), teaspoon or tablespoon (tsp), cups and glasses
Household System
72
