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Pharmacology > Medication Administration > Flashcards

Medication Administration Flashcards

1
Q

What are local effects of a drug?

A

They result from the direct application of a drug to a tissue

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2
Q

What are the systemic effects of a drug?

A

They occur after the drug is absorbed by any route and distributed into the bloodstream

It usually involves more than one organ based on the route of administration

The response by one organ may be predominant

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3
Q

What is drug action?

A

It depends on the property of the medication as well as the:

  • patient
  • dose
  • route
  • drugs metabolic rate
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4
Q

What is an enteral route of drug administration?

A

The drug passes along the gastrointestinal tract

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5
Q

What is a parenteral route of drug administration?

A

The drug goes through any route OTHER than the GI tract

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6
Q

What are the three main enteral routes?

A

Oral (PO)
Rectal (PR)
Orogastric/nasogastric (OG/NG) - such as a nasal tube

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7
Q

What are the main parenteral routes of drug administration?

A

Injectable

  • Intravenous (IV)
  • Intramuscular (IM)
  • Subcutaneous (SC)

Inhalation:

  • Nebulized
  • Intranasal

Mucous membranes

  • Sublingual (SL)
  • Buccal

Skin

  • Transdermal
  • Topical
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8
Q

Affinity

A

Attraction between a drug and a receptor (like a magnet)

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9
Q

Efficacy

A

The power of a medication to produce a therapeutic effect

Eg. morphine has much higher efficacy treating pain that does Tylenol

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10
Q

What is a side effect or adverse effect?

A

An unintended response to a drug

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11
Q

Potency

A

Comparing different doses of two medications in producing the same effect

Eg. 100 mcg of fentanyl = 10 mg of morphine

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12
Q

What is idiosyncrasy?

A

The drug effect that is unique to an individual

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13
Q

What is cross tolerance?

A

Tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug that is similar or in the same class

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14
Q

What is drug dependence?

A

When a patient becomes accustomed to a drug’s presence in their body

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15
Q

What is a drug interaction?

A

When the effects of one drug alter the response to another drug

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16
Q

Drug antagonist

A

When the effects of one drug block the response to another drug (turns off agonist)

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17
Q

What is a cumulative effect?

A

Increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses

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18
Q

What is summation?

A

Known as the additive effect, it is when two drugs with the same effect are given together
1+1=2

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19
Q

Synergism

A

When two drugs with the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses
1+1=3

20
Q

Potentiation

A

One drug enhances the effect of another drug

21
Q

8 factors affecting drug response

A
  • Age
  • Body mass
  • Sex
  • Environment
  • Time of administration
  • Pathology
  • Genetics
  • Psychology
22
Q

Dose-response relationship (dose-response curve)

A

When the physiologic effect of a medication increases to a point that increasing the dose of medication will not produce any further desired results

23
Q

First-pass metabolism

A

When medication is partially metabolized by the liver, reducing the amount available for distribution in the body.
- Drugs passing through GI tract (enteral)

24
Q

Bioavailability

A

The percentage of an administered drug that is available in the bloodstream to act at the target tissue

25
Q

Bioavailable fraction

A

The fraction of the medication that is available in the bloodstream after being metabolized by the liver (enteral route)

26
Q

Half-life

A

The time required for the concentration of a medication in the bloodstream to decrease to half of its original level
- Determined by duration of action

27
Q

Duration of action

A

The amount of time a single does of a medication produces the desired effect

28
Q

Loading dose

A

Achieving rapid therapeutic concentrations of drugs

29
Q

Which organ is mostly responsible for drug excretion?

A

Kidneys

30
Q

Processes involved in pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
Biotransformation/metabolism
Distribution
Excretion

31
Q

Adrenergic agonists

A

Medications that exert effects on the sympathetic nervous system and act on adrenergic receptors

32
Q

Cholinergic agonists

A

Drugs that act on the parasympathetic nervous system

33
Q

Alpha 1 receptors

A

Primarily located on the peripheral blood vessels. Stimulation causes vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure (e.g., Dopamine)

34
Q

Alpha 2 receptors

A

Located on nerve endings and causes vasodilation and anesthesia (e.g. clonidine)

35
Q

Beta 1 receptors

A

Found on the heart and when stimulated cause increased heart rate and contractility, as well as overall cardiac output (e.g., norepinephrine, epinephrine)

36
Q

Beta 2 receptors

A

Located on the bronchial smooth muscle and causes relaxation of bronchial muscles and bronchodilation when stimulated (e.g., epinephrine, albuteral)

37
Q

Beta blocker

A

Blocks the beta receptors and causes blood vessels to relax, decreasing blood pressure

38
Q

Sympathomimetic drugs

A

Drugs that mimic the actions of the sympathetic nervous system (e.g., norepinephrine, epinephrine)

39
Q

Chronotropic, inotropic

A
  • Chronotropic effects heart rate (positive increases, negative decrease)
  • Inotropic effects the contractions of the heart (positive drugs increase contractions, negative drugs decrease contractions)
40
Q

What do syringes consist of?

A

Plunger - inner portion of the syringe that pushes the liquid med out of the needle
Body or barrel - contains the medication
Tip - attaches to needle (luer-lock, nonluer lock)

41
Q

Size of hypodermic needle

A

Varies from 3/8” to 2” for standard injections
Gauge=diameter
- the smaller the number, the larger the diameter
- distal end is beveled

42
Q

Size of needles for subcutaneous med administration

A

<26 gauge needle that is 1/2” to 5/8” long

  • holds 1 mL of fluid (standard despite textbook saying 2 mL)
  • common sites for injection are upper arms, anterior thighs, and abdomen
43
Q

Needle size for IM administration

A

21 to 23 gauge needle that is 1” to 1.5” long
- holds about 5 mL except in deltoid
- common sites are vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, gluteal area, deltoid (2 mL)
Needle penetrates the dermis and subcutaeous tissue into muscle layer
- larger volume of med
- potential to damage nerves

44
Q

Z-track injection (IM)

A

Follow normal steps for IM injection, except pull patient’s skin and subcutaneous tissue laterally

45
Q

Mucosal atomizer device (MAD)

A

Used to administer nasal sprays or solutions

  • requires 2 to 2.5 times the dose of IV medications
  • if med dose is over 0.5 mL, divide it into each nare to a max of 1 mL per nostril
46
Q

One-time orders

A

When a paramedic has consulted medical direction and has received an order for immediate drug intervention for the treatment

Cannot be repeated without consulting medical direction again

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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