Medications Flashcards

Question

What are the drugs in the class Antibiotics?

Answer 1

Must be kept sterile as no preservative. Lasts 6 hours when opened before needing to be disposed of. Must be kept in the fridge due to milk/lipid base. The solution containing benzyl alcohol preservative should not be used for maintenance of anaesthesia by continuous rate infusion due to the risk of toxicity caused by prolonged administration. In dogs, propofol is rapidly metabolized, in cats recovery is less rapid.

Answer 2

The dose is different for dogs and cats. Stings if given perivascularly. The drug should be given slowly and to effect in order to prevent inadvertent overdose.

Answer 3

Stings if given perivascularly

Answer 4

Need to give IM to cats as is not well absorbed. If given SQ to Dogs, it will absorb. Will reverse effects of morphine and fentanyl. It has minimal side effects compared with the other opioids. Metabolized in the liver; some prolongation of effect may be seen with impaired liver function.

Answer 5

Do not give if vomiting would be a problem. Consider giving with Atropine. Watch breathing. Mania in cats can be seen at higher doses. Methadone should be used in preference to morphine as the licensed alternative for single or repeated bolus administration to dogs and cats. Morphine can be given as a constant rate infusion to provide analgesia intraoperatively and in the postoperative period.

Answer 6

It is short-acting, it wears off in 30-120 minutes. Will reverse effects of Morphine and Fentanyl. Stings when injected. Butorphanol is metabolized in the liver and some prolongation of effect may be seen with impaired liver function.

Answer 7

Very short-acting (minutes). Given as continuous infusion in fluids or via a skin patch. Mania in cats can be seen at higher doses.

Answer 8

Brachycephalics can have worsened airway blockage; Boxers may have a sudden airway collapse. Should be avoided in patients with heart disease.

Answer 9

Oral forms have been linked to liver issues In cats. Can cause excitement when given IV so best to give other drugs first. They are considered to be relatively “heart safe”. Stings if given perivascularly

Answer 10

Do not give atropine with this drug, even though heart rates may be quite low. Reversed with atipamizole. Should be avoided in patients with heart disease. Use in geriatric patients is not advisable. Do not use in pregnant animals. Do not use when vomiting is contraindicated. Not recommended in diabetic animals.

Answer 11

Stings when you give it (other than IV). Can be given as a constant infusion to help with post op pain control. Should be avoided in CATS with heart disease.

Answer 12

Do not give these if the patient has an elevated heart rate. Should be given “as needed” for heart rates below normal/expected values.

Answer 13

Analgesia and sedation

Answer 14

Analgesia and sedation

Answer 15

Analgesia and sedation

Answer 16

Sedation or pre-anaesthetic medication

Answer 17

Sedation and muscle relaxant

Answer 18

Deep sedation or general anesthetic

Answer 19

Moderate to deep sedation

Answer 20

20 minutes

Answer 21

ACP raises the threshold for cardiac arrhythmias and has antiemetic properties. Great sedation.

Answer 22

Hypotension due to shock, trauma or cardiovascular disease. Avoid in animals <3 months and animals with liver disease. Use cautiously in anaemic animals as it will exacerbate the anaemia by sequestration of red blood cells in the spleen. In Boxers, spontaneous fainting and syncope can occur due to sinoatrial block caused by excessive vagal tone; use low doses or avoid. Rarely, healthy animals may develop profound hypotension following the administration of phenothiazines. Supportive therapy to maintain body temperature and fluid balance is indicated until the animal is fully recovered.

Answer 23

Onset of sedation is 20–30 minutes after i.m. administration

Answer 24

Clinical doses cause sedation for up to 6 hours.

Answer 25

Induction agent used before inhalational anaesthesia, or as a sole anaesthetic agent for examination or surgical procedures.

Answer 26

An increase in heart rate can occur immediately after i.v. injection as a compensatory response to maintain blood pressure in the face of mild hypotension. This effect can be minimized by slow i.v. injection. As with all anaesthetic drugs, respiratory depression can occur with overdoses. Can cause a bad wake up.Does not contain an antimicrobial preservative; thus it is recommended that the remainder of an opened bottle is discarded after single use.

Answer 27

5-10 minutes

Answer 28

Less adverse effects than propofol

Answer 29

Prevent or correct bradycardia and bradyarrhythmias, to dilate pupils, in the management of organophosphate and carbamate toxicities, and in conjunction with anticholinesterase drugs during antagonism of neuromuscular blockade

Answer 30

Relief of mild to moderate perioperative pain.

Answer 31

Onset of action of buprenorphine may be slower than methadone (>15 min).

Answer 32

Duration of effect is approximately 6 hours in cats and is likely to be similar in dogs.

Answer 33

Side effects are rare after clinical doses. side effects are rare after clinical doses.

Answer 34

Buprenorphine crosses the placenta and may exert sedative effects in neonates born to bitches and queens treated prior to parturition. Combination with full mu agonists is not recommended for analgesia; therefore, do not use for premedication when administration of potent opioids during surgery is anticipated.

Answer 35

Butorphanol has a very rapid onset

Answer 36

Contradicts animals with diseases of the lower respiratory tract associated with copious mucus production. side effects such as respiratory depression, bradycardia and vomiting are rare after clinical doses.

Answer 37

Management of mild perioperative pain. Butorphanol is unlikely to be adequate for the management of severe pain.

Answer 38

In different models analgesia has been shown to last between 45 minutes and 4 hours.

Answer 39

Rapid, within minutes

Answer 40

Very potent opioid analgesic (50 times more potent than morphine) used to provide profound intraoperative analgesia in dogs and cats. Can also be used at low dose rates for postoperative analgesia. It can be used intraoperatively to provide analgesia by intermittent bolus doses or by a continuous rate infusion.

Answer 41

Short duration of action (10–20 min depending on dose).

Answer 42

Very potent opioid analgesic (50 times more potent than morphine). After prolonged administration (>4 hours) or high doses, its duration of action is significantly prolonged as the tissues become saturated. Very fast-acting

Answer 43

Rapid i.v. injection can cause severe bradycardia, even asystole, therefore, the drug should be given slowly. A reduction in heart rate is likely whenever fentanyl is given, atropine can be administered to counter bradycardia if necessary. Apart from the effects on heart rate, fentanyl has limited other effects on cardiovascular function when used at clinical dose rates.

Answer 44

Isoflurane causes dose-dependent hypotension by causing vasodilation, particularly in skeletal muscle. This adverse effect does not wane with time. Isoflurane is a more potent respiratory depressant than halothane, respiratory depression is dose-dependent.

Answer 45

Provision of chemical restraint or dissociative anaesthesia. Ketamine may also provide profound visceral and somatic analgesia and inhibits central sensitization, used to provide perioperative analgesia as an adjunctive agent, although optimal doses to provide analgesia have not been elucidated.

Answer 46

Dissociative anaesthesia is associated with mild stimulation of cardiac output and blood pressure, modest respiratory depression and the preservation of cranial nerve reflexes. For example, the eyes remain open during anaesthesia and should be protected using a bland ophthalmic ointment. Not recommended for animals whose eyes are at risk of perforation or who have raised intraocular pressure. Not recommended in animals with raised intracranial pressure. Cardiovascular depression, rather than stimulation, and arrhythmias may arise in animals with a high sympathetic nervous system tone (e.g. animals in shock or severe cardiovascular disease). Tachycardias can also arise after administration of high i.v. doses. Respiratory depression may be marked in some animals. Ketamine may result in spacey, abnormal behaviour for 1–2 hours during recovery. Prolonged administration of ketamine by infusion may result in drug accumulation and prolong recovery.

Answer 47

Dose-dependent sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia. Provides sedation and premedication when used alone or in combination with opioid analgesics.

Answer 48

causes marked changes in the cardiovascular system including an initial peripheral vasoconstriction that results in an increase in blood pressure and a compensatory bradycardia. After 20–30 min, vasoconstriction wanes while blood pressure returns to normal values. fall in cardiac output; central organ perfusion is well maintained at the expense of redistribution of blood flow away from the peripheral tissues. Respiratory system function is well maintained; respiration rate may fall but is accompanied by an increased depth of respiration.

Answer 49

Reversal of sedation or premedication with atipamezole shortens the recovery period, which may be advantageous.

Answer 50

limiting the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation. Alleviation of inflammation and pain in both acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders and the reduction of postoperative pain and inflammation following orthopaedic and soft tissue surgery.

Answer 51

Do not administer concurrently or within 24 hours of other NSAIDs and glucocorticoids. Do not administer with other potentially nephrotoxic agents. Do not give to dehydrated, hypovolaemic or hypotensive patients or those with GI disease or blood clotting problems. Liver disease will prolong the metabolism of meloxicam leading to the potential for drug accumulation and overdose with repeated dosing. Administration to animals with renal disease must be carefully evaluated. Do not give to pregnant animals or animals <6 weeks of age. All NSAIDs should be administered cautiously in the perioperative period as they may adversely affect renal perfusion during periods of hypotension. If hypotension during anaesthesia is anticipated, delay meloxicam administration until the animal is fully recovered from anaesthesia and normotensive.

Answer 52

GI signs may occur in all animals after NSAID administration. Stop therapy if this persists beyond 1–2 days. Stop therapy immediately if GI bleeding is suspected.

Answer 53

Management of moderate to severe pain in the perioperative period. Incorporation into sedative and pre-anaesthetic medication protocols to provide improved sedation and analgesia.

Answer 54

3–4 hours in dogs and cats

Answer 55

similar pharmacological properties to morphine, and is useful in similar situations. Methadone may be administered epidurally to provide analgesia; the duration of analgesia, epidurally is approximately 8 hours in dogs. Severe adverse effects can be treated with naloxone.

Answer 56

Methadone can be given i.v. without causing histamine release and does not cause vomiting when given to animals preoperatively. Respiratory function should be monitored when given i.v. to anaesthetized patients.

Answer 57

Respiratory depression may occur when given i.v. during general anaesthesia due to increased depth of anaesthesia. Vomiting is rare, although methadone will cause constriction of GI sphincters. and may cause a reduction in GI motility when given over a long period. Methadone crosses the placenta and may exert sedative effects in neonates born to bitches treated prior to parturition.

Answer 58

Management of moderate to severe pain in the perioperative period.

Answer 59

It provides profound analgesia and forms the mainstay of postoperative analgesic protocols in humans. Is also a sedative. Preservative-free morphine can be administered into the epidural space where it will provide analgesia for up to 24 hours. Severe adverse effects can be treated with naloxone.

Answer 60

In dogs it has a short duration of action and needs to be given frequently to be effective. Morphine causes histamine release when given rapidly i.v., so it should be diluted and given slowly i.v. It commonly causes vomiting when given to animals preoperatively that are not in pain, therefore morphine should be avoided when vomiting is contraindicated ransient excitation may occur when morphine is given i.v. Respiratory depression may occur, may cause a reduction in GI motility when given over a long period. Morphine crosses the placenta and may exert sedative effects in neonates born to bitches treated prior to parturition.

Answer 61

3–4 hours

Answer 62

Induction of anaesthesia and maintenance of anaesthesia using intermittent boluses or a continuous rate infusion. Injection i.v. produces a rapid loss of consciousness as the CNS takes up the highly lipophilic drug. Over the next few minutes propofol distributes to peripheral tissues and the concentration in the CNS falls such that, in the absence of further doses, the patient wakes up. Propofol does not have analgesic properties

Answer 63

Considerable care must be taken with administration in hypovolaemic animals and those with diminished cardiopulmonary, hepatic and renal reserves. The rapid injection of large doses causes apnoea, cyanosis, bradycardia and severe hypotension. Problems are less likely when injection is made over 30–60 seconds. Muscle rigidity, paradoxical muscle movements and tremors can sometimes occur in dogs immediately after i.v. administration. Propofol is not irritant to tissues but a pain reaction is commonly evident during i.v. injection.

Answer 64

Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and skeletal muscle relaxant urethral muscle spasm and tetanus). Diazepam is the drug of choice for the short-term emergency control of severe epileptic seizures and status epilepticus in dogs and cats. Can be used with opioids and/or acepromazine for pre-anaesthetic medication in the critically ill.

Answer 65

Sedation, muscle weakness and ataxia are common. Benzodiazepines should be avoided in patients with CNS depression, respiratory depression, severe muscle weakness or hepatic impairment (as may worsen hepatic encephalopathy). It provides very poor sedation or even excitation when used alone in healthy animals. In the short term, repeated doses of diazepam or a constant rate infusion will lead to drug accumulation and prolonged recovery in both species but particularly in cats in which it may also cause liver injury.

Medications Flashcards

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