Medicinal Chemistry T1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Drugs
A
Compound which interacts with a biological system to produce a biological response
2
Q
Medicinal drugs
A
Compounds that are used to treat or prevent disease in humans, animals or plants
3
Q
Side effect
A
Unintended effect of a drug beneficial or harmful.
4
Q
Medicinal chemistry
A
Application of mostly organic synthesis to the development I medicine
5
Q
Pre-historic period
A
- Used roots of marshmallows to sooth and heal irritated throats and disordered intestinal tracts
- Mescal Bean: psychoactive and toxic and contains the alkaloid cytisine
6
Q
Alkaloids
A
Natural products that contains an amine (basic or alkaline) functional group in a ring and are typically isolated from plants, they are addictive and toxic
7
Q
Ayurvedic medicine
A
Traditional medicine in South Asia which considers sickness to be caused by humoral imbalance.
8
Q
Hippocratic corpus
A
Hippocrates the father of medicine stated that disease are caused by an imbalance in the 4 humors of the body which could be regained by changing the diet or lifestyle of the patient
9
Q
4 humors
A
Wind, phlegm, bile and blood (India)
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile (Greek)
10
Q
Galen
A
- -Believe that administering herb with opposing qualities of the humoral imbalance would correct the problem.
- -promoted the use of multi ingredient herbal concoctions known as theriacs with the idea that body would select te most appropriate one
11
Q
Paracelsus
A
- all plants and minerals were created with a volatile spirit called the quintessence
- over times impurities are accrued in the quintessence.
- medicine would be most effective by removing impurities.
- advocated for the use of purified medicines instead of herbals and concoctions
12
Q
Clinical trials
A
Scientific based approach of medical research that test how effective and safe medicines are on people.
13
Q
James Lind
A
Started clinical trials
Tested several reputed remedies for scurvy on 12 sailors and found vitamin c cures it
14
Q
Placebo effect
A
Patient improve in health because they believe that the medicine works
15
Q
Synergy
A
Several compounds work together to enhance the effect of the active principle
16
Q
Ethnomedicine
A
Study of traditional medicine
17
Q
Ethnopharmacology
A
The screening of local remedies to find potential drugs
18
Q
Drugs from inorganic/organometallic compounds
A
Consist of naturally occurring metals and their salts
Cinnabar Mercury benzoate: treat syphillis
Arsenic trioxide: treat cancer
Arsphenamine: chemotherapy
Cisplatin: testis and ovarian cancer
19
Q
Protozoa
A
Unicellular eukaryotic cells that can travel
20
Q
Solidism
A
New version of the humoral system. Explains that disease is a disturbance of solid fibers (blood or nerve vessels) of the body.
Tonics (stimulants) prescribed to increase the tone of the fibers or depleting drugs (purgatives, diuretic , sedatives and narcotics) to reduce it.
21
Q
Diuretics
A
Increase urine production
22
Q
Drugs isolated from plant products: opium poppy extract
A
morphine and codeine were isolated successfully pain relievers
23
Q
Drugs isolated from plant products: emetine
A
Potent anti protozoan agent isolated ipecacuanha root
24
Q
Drugs isolated from plant products: quinine
A
Anti material drug isolated from a Peruvian plant
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Drugs isolated from plant products: caffeine
Stimulant from cacao tree potent diuretic. Derivatives such as theobromine and theophylline are all xanthine alkaloids
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Drugs isolated from plant products: atropine
Isolated from belladonna
Sold as a Ramon combination only S isomer that is active
Use as an eye dilator for eye examination
Tropane alkaloid
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Drugs isolated from plant products: cocaine
Isolated from coca plant
Used as a topical anesthetic
Is a tropane alkaloid
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Drugs isolated from plant products: ephedrine
Isolated from ephedra
Similar structure to epinephrine
Used to treat asthma, and as a decongestant
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Drugs isolated from plant products: curare
Isolated from the plant curare
| Used to anesthesize patients causes paralysis to respiratory and voluntary muscles by inhibiting Ach receptor
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Drugs isolated from plant products: muscarine
Active ingredient in poisonous mushrooms activates the muscarinic Ach receptor that controls cardiac muscles
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Drugs isolated from plant products: cannabis
THC Relieves glaucoma
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Receptor
A protein based molecule, typically found outside of cells that receives chem signals
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Analogues
Structurally modified versions of natural products that enhance the good properties while reducing the bad
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: heroin
Morphine was heated with alkyl halides to make the quaternary salts
Diacetylmorphine (heroin) was synthesize as a better cough suppressant than codeine
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: oxycodone
Analogue of Morphine
quaternary salt
Potent analgesic
Reserved for terminally ill patients
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: buprenorphine
Morphine analogue 100 times more potent but less addictive
| Used to treat addiction to morphine and other opiates
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: homatropine
Synthesize from atropine
| Faster and shorter recovery time
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: methadone
Analogue of atropine
similar potency but Longer acting than morphine
Used to treat addiction to opiates
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: procaine
Analogue of cocaine but does not have the same addictive properties
Localized anesthesia
Used in dentistry and surgery
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: salicylic acid
Originated from the bark of a willow tree
Antiseptic and antipyretic and painkiller
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) Is less irritating to the stomach
41
Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: amphetamine
Analogue of ephedrine
Sold racemically but only S enentiomer is responsible for the physiological effects
Increase wakefulness, reduce appetite, cough suppressant, treat narcolepsy and ADD
May be addictive
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: sildenapril
Analogue of zaprinast a vasodilator analogue of theophylline
Treat angina and erectile disfunction
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Drugs from analogues of plants natural products: decamethonium/ suxamethonium
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1.
Analogue of tubocurarine
Potent anesthetic
Very stable and long acting used for short procedures
2.
Short acting
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Gram positive bacteria
Stained blue/violet by the gram stain due to thicker peptidoglycan in outer cell wall
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Gram negative bacteria
Are stained pink by gram stain due to an outer lipid layer that protects the peptidoglycan layer
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Fungus
Eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds , and mushrooms
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Drugs from terrestrial micro-organism: penicillin
Isolated PCN G and F from P. Chrysogenum
Most Effective against gram positive bacteria
Inhibits the cell wall synthesis in bacteria and are themselves destroyed by beta lactamase enzyme in bacteria
Amoxicillin is a analogue of PCN effective against gram negative and positive bacteria
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Drugs from terrestrial micro-organism:: streptomycin
Treats tuberculosis
| Isolated from streptomyces griseus
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Drugs from terrestrial micro-organism: ergotamine
Isolated from ergot ( clavichord purpurea)
Induce labor(ergonovine) and vasoconstrictor
Lysergic acid derivative
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Drugs from terrestrial micro-organism: taxol
Isolated from pacific yew tree bacteria taxus brevifolia
Inhibit cell division
Used against leukemia a and carcinomas
10-decacetylbaccatin is a synthetic taxol isolated from the european yew tree bacteria taxus baccata
51
Drugs from terrestrial micro-organism: statins
Mevastatin Isolated from fungi penicillium citrinum and brevicompactum
Lovastatin fungi monascus ruber and aspergillus terreus
Inhibits Cholesterol biosynthesis to lower cholesterol levels
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Drugs from terrestrial micro-organism: Botox
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Treat blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking), severe sweating and frown lines
Isolated from Clostridium botulinum
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Drugs from terrestrial micro-organism: others
Cyclosporins used to reduce transplant rejection
Chlotetracycline and tetracycline antibiotic
Macrolide antibiotic erythromycin
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Endogenous compound
Naturally present in the body
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Hormones
Chemical messengers sent by cells that affect other cells in other parts of the body
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Catecholamines
Organic compound that has a catechol which is a benzene with two hydroxyl side groups and a side chain amine
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Alpha adrenoreceptors
Inhibits insulin release in the pancreas, causes vasoconstriction and decrease motility of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Beta-1-adrenoreceptors
Drugs that inhibit the binding of epinephrine to beta receptors in the heart lowers heart rate
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Beta-2-adrenoreceptors
inhibition induce contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi
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Nicotinic receptors
Contract the respiratory and voluntary muscles
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Muscarinic receptor
Inhibits contraction of cardiac muscle and reduce heart rate
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Drugs from hormones: epinephrine
Hormone of the adrenal gland
A major chemical transmitter in the SNS responsible for maintaining body homeostasis and to help respond in stress situations
Vasoconstrictor and bronchodilator to treat asthma, anaphylactic shock, and cardiac arrest
Only R isomer is active
Catecholamine
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Drugs from hormones: norepinephrine
Absence of carbon
Marjorie neurotransmitter of the SNS
Catecholamine
Treats clinical shock
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Drugs from hormones: dopamine
Catecholamine neurohormone in adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves
Present also in the brain
Levodopa is a biosynthethic precursor to dopamine used to treat Parkinson's
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Drugs from hormones: histamine
Reduce stomach acid release
Vasodilator: causes smooth muscle to contract and cause anaphylactic attacks
Isolated from the liver
Cimetidine and ranitidine: inhibits the H2 receptor in the stomach treat Peptic ulcers caused by H. Pylori and heartburn
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Drugs from hormones: serotonin
Neurohormone Isolated from blood
Begins the blood clotting process
Cocaine inhibits serotonin receptors
Tropsisetron treat nausea caused by anti cancer drugs has psychedelic effect
Psilocybin, bufotenin, psilocybin interact with 5-HT receptor Ana has hallucinogenic properties
67
Drugs from hormones: acetylcholine and GABA
1.
Hypotensive drug lowers blood pressure and has 2 main receptors nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
2.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS that's relaxes S.K muscles 2 major receptors GABA a and GABA b
68
Drugs from hormones: insulin
Pancreatic protein hormone that regulate sugar levels
Isolated with OH. Determining the AA sequence allowed for the synthesis of human insulin from bacteria
Treat diabetes
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Drugs from hormones: vasopressin and oxytocin
Pituitary gland hormone increases blood pressure
1. Vasoconstrictor and anti diuretic also uses to treat diabetes
2. Used to hasten labor by contracting the uterus
70
Drugs from hormones: estrone
Female sex hormone isolated from a pregnant Marie's urine
Estrone, estriol, and estradiol are 3 major natural hormones
Ethinylestradiol analogue of estradiol is longer acting due to steroids and is used to treat menopausal symptoms
Ethynyl estradiol analogue of estradiol due to sterics is used to treat menopause symptoms
Progesterone inhibits ovulation
Combinations of these hormones used for birth control
All are steroid hormones which has cholesterol as a bio precursor
71
Drugs from hormones: corticosteroids
Extracted from cortex of the adrenal gland
Cortisone increase muscle strength and treats rheumatoid arthritis,asthma,allergies
Deoxycorticosterone: synthesized from cholesterol it is a mineralcorticoid (controls h2o and NaCl balances to treat Addison's
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Drugs from hormones: testosterone
Male sex hormones isolated from bovine testicles
Steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol
Androgen inhibits protein metabolism which promotes cell growth and muscle building
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Drugs from hormones: hydrocortisone
Active form of cortisone
| mineralcorticoid and glucorticoid Increases sugar metabolism in the liver
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Drugs from hormones: prednisone
Treats arthritis and inflammatory conditions with longer durations of action without affecting mineral balance
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Anabolic steroids
Promote cell growths side effect liver and heart damage and high blood pressure testicular atrophy and acne
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Vitamins
Vital organic nutrients that are necessary in small amounts and must be obtained from diet
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Drugs from vitamins: thiamine
Vitamin b1
| Co enzyme involved in breaking down of sugars and in the synthesis of acetylcholine
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Drugs from vitamins: ascorbic acid
Vitamin C
Prevents scurvy
Antioxidant
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Drugs from vitamins: folic acid
Vitamin B9 and Bc
Isolated from liver
Important in the synthesis and repair of DNA, production of red blood cells, as an enzyme co-factor.
Methotrexate: analogue Of folic acid used against choriocarcinoma and lymphomas
80
Drugs from nucleus acids: uracil
One of the four nucleobase of DNA
DNA/ RNA inhibitor
Fluorouracil: analogue used to treat gastrointestinal and breast cancer
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Drugs from nucleic as: ribavirin
Broad spectrum anti viral active against DNA and RNA viruses
Treat hepatitis C, Lassa fever and bronchiolitis
Acyclovir: herpes
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Antibody
Y shaped protein produced by white blood cells that ID and help neutralize antigens (foreign molecules found on invading microorganism
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Inoculation
Use of a small amount of pathogen to induce active immunity by production of antibodies
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Vaccination
Use of non pathogenic antigens to stimulate immunity to a pathogen
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Biologic medical product
Drug made through a biological process rather than being synthesized chemically include many drugs derived from proteins and antibodies
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Drugs from antibodies:
Dead or weakened microbes could be used to create vaccines which would induce a milder for of the infection and create immunity. Example anthrax rabies small pox and cholera
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Drugs from antibodies: monoclonal antibodies MAB's
Antibodies secreted from a single B cell by fusing B lymphocytes from mice with immortal myeloma cancer cells resulting in hybridoma cells capable of producing and endless supply of MAB's
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Drugs from antibodies: Chimeric humanized MAB'S
Used to reduce immune response to murine derived MAB's . It contained variable regions and human constant fragments
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Drugs from antibodies: synthetic human MAB's
Used to reduce immune response to murine derived MAB's. made by using genetically engendered transgenic mice
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Antibody drug conjugate ADC
Contains drugs chemically linked to antibodies for targeted delivery for a more effective treatment
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Drugs from marine sources: Cephalosporin C
Weaker antibiotic than PCN but has a more stable beta lactamase
Less toxic and can be used in larger doses
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Drugs from marine sources: spongonucleosides
Antineucleic acid drugs
Contains arabinose sugar
ex: spongothymidine and spongouridine used to treat leukemia
Azothymidine: analogue used to treat HIV
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Retrovirus
Carry their genetic information in RNA which is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase enzyme once inside the host and then the viral DNA is inserted into the host's DNA
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Drugs from marine sources: ziconotide
Isolated from cone snail venom
| Potent analgesic more so than morphine and not addictive but can be toxic
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Drugs from terrestrial animals: ACE inhibitor
Extract from Brazilian arrowhead viper used to lower blood pressure
Angiotensin converting enzyme ACE: a zinc mettaloprotein found in plasma hydrolyze angiotensin I to angiotensin II ( most potent vasoconstrictor and blood pressure raising agent in the body)
Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril
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Drugs from terrestrial animals: exendin
Isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster
| Used to treat diabetes 2
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Drugs from dyes: sulfanilamide and mepacrine
1. Antibiotic
| 2. Analogue of yellow acridine dye Anti malarial
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Drugs from non-natural sources: 5-5-diethylbarbituric acid
Potent hypnotic and addictive
| Controlled substance barbiturates
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Drugs from non-natural sources: thalidomide
First used as a sedative then used to relieve morning sickness
Leads to fetus malformation
Now used to treat multiple myeloma
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Drugs from non-natural sources: benzos
Used for anxiety
Addictive
Diazepam
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Drugs from non-natural sources: acetanalide
Acetaminophen is an analogue
| Antipyretic
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Drugs from non-natural sources: NSAID
Effective analgesic, antipyretic, anti inflammatory drug
Ibuprofen racemic mixture but only S enentiomer active and naproxen are examples
Inhibits 2 cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1( involved in platelet aggregation) and COX2 ( relieve inflammation)
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Drugs from non-natural sources: celecoxib
NSAID inhibit only cox2
Used for rheumatoid arthritis
Minimizes gastrointestinal irritation
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Drugs from non-natural sources: nitroglycerin
Synthesized from isoamyl nitrite
Vasodilator
Treats people with angina by lowering blood pressure.
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Drugs from non-natural sources: mustard gas
Alkylating agents: alkylate DNA chains to cross link them and inhibit cell division
Used as a chemotherapy agent
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Drugs from non-natural sources: histamine
Treat allergies and causes drowsiness
| Inhibit H1histamine receptor
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Drugs from non-natural sources: losartan
Inhibits angiotensin II type one receptor and not the type two
AT1 receptors lead to vasoconstriction and AT2 receptors are involved in inhibiting cell growth
Treats hypertension
Act similarly to ACE inhibitors without the dry cough
