Medicine Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
What caused St Anthony’s disease?
A
Fungus in bread
2
Q
What percentage of chidren, in medieval times, died before the age of seven?
A
30%
3
Q
How did medieval people try to cure rheumatism?
A
Wear a donkey skin
4
Q
What was Bald’s Leechbook?
A
A 10th century medical text
5
Q
What theory did Hippocrates establish?
A
The Four Humours
6
Q
How did Hippocrates influence later medicine?
A
He wrote 60 books and his ideas were used in Western medicine for centuries
7
Q
Where did Galen learn about anatomy?
A
He worked in a gladiator school, in Rome, treating injuries
8
Q
How did Galen affect later medicine?
A
His books were used as university text books and they taught dissection
9
Q
Which Arab doctor wrote the first description of smallpox symptoms?
A
Rhazes
10
Q
Which Arab doctor wrote the book called The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine?
A
Avicenna
11
Q
What medical equipment did Islamic doctors invent?
A
Stitching and scalpels
12
Q
What are the Four Humours?
A
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
13
Q
Some people believed that God made diseases but also provided herbal cures. What was this idea called?
A
The Doctrine of Signatures
14
Q
What did medieval religious people think caused illnesses and epidemics?
A
An individual or a whole society were leading sinful lives
15
Q
What herb was used to break up kidney stones?
A
Saxifrage
16
Q
Who carried out minor operations such as pulling teeth?
A
A Barber-surgeon
17
Q
What would an apothecary sell?
A
He would sell simples – a medicine made of one herb or compounds which were a combination of ingredients e.g. red rose and bamboo juice for treating smallpox
18
Q
Which women would provide medical care in medieval times?
A
Wise woman, the lady of the manor and nuns
19
Q
What were the two main charts used by physicians to diagnose illness?
A
Urine charts and Zodiac charts
20
Q
What were the two methods of bleeding done by medical people?
A
Cupping (slicing a vein) and leeches
21
Q
What did people believed caused tooth ache?
A
A tooth worm
22
Q
Why was the Catholic church important in medical care in medieval times?
A
The church encouraged people to prayer for deliverance from illness, people could buy indulgences (special prayers) and go on a pilgrimage to special shrines for a cure, monks and nuns treated people and copied out medical books.
23
Q
Can you name famous medieval shrines?
A
The most famous pilgrimage was to the Holy Land, but in England you could visit Canterbury, Walsingham, Glastonbury or the Priory at Bridlington where St John of Bridlington’s grave was a source of miracles.
24
Q
How many hospitals did the church set up in the 12th and 13th centuries?
A
160
25
What places of learning did the Church help to establish?
The church set up university schools of medicine in Europe where physicians were trained using the texts of Galen and Hippocrates
26
How did the medieval church limit medical progress?
The church made it difficult for scholars to dissect human bodies, the church’s insistence that Galen’s work should be used limited progress in understanding the human body, Scientists who tried to challenge Galen’s work were often arrested e.g. Roger Bacon
27
What was cauterisation?
Cauterisation, where very hot metal was applied to wounds to stop bleeding and was often painful or fatal
28
What diagram was used to treat wounds caused by weapons?
The Woundman
29
What did Robert Grosseteste encourage?
Scientific enquiry and experiment.
30
How did Bishop Lanfranc assist medicine?
Bishop Lanfranc constructed a decent house of stone. He divided the main building into two, one for ill men and the other for women in a bad state of health. He made arrangements for their clothing and daily food.
31
What medieval hospital helped pregnant women?
St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 1123
32
Which hospital helped “poor and silly people”.
St Mary of Bethlehem, 1247
33
Why were medieval towns so unhealthy?
Close housing, No waste disposal, contaminated rivers, butchers’ waste in the streets, cesspits for human waste next to wells, animals roamed the streets, rotting food was sold, clothes were very dirty, people drank “small beer”.
34
Which medieval town tried to clean up?
Coventry
35
How did Coventry improve its public health?
Every man cleaned the street in front of his house, 1420 waste collection started, waste pits and dung hills were moved outside the town, toilets over the stream were banned and butchers were stopped from throwing animal parts into waterways.
36
List 5 causes of the plague, according to medieval people.
Bad smells, Four Humours out of balance, comets, planet alignment, Jews poisoning water, wearing fancy clothes, sin, dancing in the streets, long hair, Miasma (evil spirits), God is angry, earthquakes in China
37
How did people try to avoid the plague?
Praying, burning tall candles, avoid baths, avoid sex, clean filth from streets, bathe in urine, attend church
38
How did people treat the plague?
Pop buboes, attach a live chicken to the buboes, drink a mixture of vinegar and mercury, flagellation, bleeding
39
What were the results of the Black Death?
Wages increased for the workers left alive, 1:3 people died, Workers rights improved, many religious people died, towns became deserted
40
How did Islam improve medicine?
translated medical books, used clinical observation, understood hygiene, set up hospitals
41
How did Islam hinder medicine?
banned dissection, prayed to Allah as a cure
42
What did Ibn al - Nafis discover
He discovered how blood was circulated
43
Who was the most famous Muslim surgeon?
Abulcasis
44
What was the most common cause of death during surgery in medieval times?
Pus and infection
45
Which Italian wrote surgical books such as Cyrurgia which encouraged a more antiseptic approach to surgery?
Theodoric of Lucca
46
What was the name of the book published by Vesalius in 1543?
The Fabric of the Human body De Humani Corporis Fabrica
47
Which individual did Vesalius prove wrong?
Galen
48
Which of Galens ideas were proved wrong by Vesalius?
That the lower jaw was in two parts. That blood passed through the septum.
49
What was the effect of the work of Vesalius?
He made people question Galen and showed the importance of human dissection. Englisg surgeons and physicians used his book as a manual
50
Who did the colour illustrations in the Fabric of the Human Body?
Leonardo Da Vinci
51
How did Pare help wounds to heal?
He used an ointment of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine
52
What was the effect of Pares ointment?
The soldiers wounds healed cleanly with less pain than if boiling oil was used.
53
How did Pare stop bleeding?
He used ligatures (silk threads) to tie the blood vessels closed
54
What method did ligatures replace?
Cauterisation where you use a red hot iron to seal wounds closed.
55
What was a problem with ligatures?
Pare didn’t understand that the silk threads could carry germs into the wounds and cause infection.
56
What did William Harvey discover?
He showed that blood was pumped around the body by the heart.
57
Who did Harvey prove wrong?
Galen, he believed that blood was produced in the liver to replace the blood that was burnt by the body as fuel.
58
How did Harvey prove his discovery?
He dissected live cold blooded animals to observe how their hearts worked as well as dissecting human bodies.
59
How did William Harvey show that blood could only flow one way?
He tried to pump liquids past the valves in the veins but wasn’t able to.
60
What was Thomas Syndenham’s contribution to medicine?
He believed in observation and that each disease had a separate and unique cause.He treated smallpox with “cool therapy”, lots of fluids, and keeping cool.
61
What was John Hunter’s contribution to medicine?
He was a surgeon who believed that deep wounds should be left alone to let nature help heal. Famous as a teacher of anatomy and dissection.
62
What improvements had been made to surgery by the early 1800s?
10,220 people were on the medical directory, half of doctors had been apprentices and trained, you had to have a licence to practise medicine, surgeons had to attend courses and have a year of experience to be a surgeon.
63
Who was Lady Johanna St. John?
Lady Johanna St. John is perhaps typical of the local ‘lady of the manor’s’ role in healing. She lived at Lydiard House near Swindon and combined her role of running a large household with compiling a recipe book of cures.
64
Who was Nicholas Culpepper?
Nicholas Culpeper published his Complete Herbal in 1653 and it is still in print today. Culpeper classified herbs and plants by their uses. He tried to combine the use of herbs with the Doctrine of Signatures and astrology.
65
What was quackery?
People began to invent and sell medicine which they knew didn’t work. They were good salesmen.
66
What did Daffy’s Elixir claim to cure?
He claimed it cured, among other things; ‘convulsion fits, consumption, agues, piles, fits, children’s distempers, worms, gout, rheumatism, kidney stones, colic and griping of the bowels’, all common ailments of the time.
67
What did Thomas Coram set up in 1741?
The first foundling hospital to care for abandoned children. Children were looked after and trained for life in domestic and military service.
68
How many new hospitals were between 1720 and 1750?
14
69
How many patients were treated in London’s hospitals by 1800?
20,000
70
How many people died from smallpox in 1796 and between 1837 and 1840?
1796 - 35 000 1837-1840 - 42 000
71
What was inoculation?
You are given a minor form of the disease to stop you getting a more severe version. Lady Mary Montagu gave her children mild smallpox.
72
Why didn’t the church like inoculation?
Disease was God’s punishmnet and man shouldn’t interfere.
73
Describe the work of Edward Jenner.
Heard a milk maid clain that victims of cowpox never got smallpox, gave a nine year old called James Phipps cowpox and then a dose of smallpox. Phipps never got smallpox meaning he was immune. He took detailed notes and published the book “An Inquiry into the causes and effects of Varioae Vaccinae, or cow pox.
74
How did the government support Jenner?
In 1802 he was given £10,000 and in 1807 a further £20,000 after the Royal College of physicians confirmed how effective his vaccination was.
75
Why didn’t some people like Jenner’s vaccinations?
Physicians lost money as they charges £20 for inoculations, religious people thought it was God’s punishment, others thought it was a parental decision to vaccinate not the governments. In 1866 an Anti-Vaccine League was set up.
76
When was smallpox vaccination made compulsory?
1853
77
When was the Great Plague?
1665
78
Where did the Great Plague occur?
It was centred in London
79
Which section of society was blamed for the spread of the Plague?
Poor people
80
Why were poorer members of society more at risk from the Great Plague?
Because they lived in poor quality overcrowded housing. This made them more exposed to rats, fleas and spreading the disease between people.
81
What factor was significant in stopping the Great Plague that wasn’t present during the Black Death?
Government: Unlike in the Middle Ages the 17th Century saw the rise of an organised central government that implemented Public Health measures.
82
What measures did the government make to try and stop the spread of the plague?
Entertainemnt stopped, animals removed from cities, cats and dogs killed, rubbish cleared from streets, fires lit, victims locked up for 40 days
83
What measures were introduced by the Government in order to stop the Plague from Spreading?
Infected people were locked in their houses, the poor were forbidden to leave London, People were ordered to clean the streets outside of their houses, public prayers, weekly fasts.
84
Why did preventing the poor from leaving London have a positive effect nationally?
Because it meant that the Plague was contained to London and wasn’t able to spread around the country.
85
Why did locking infected people and their families in their houses stop the plague from spreading?
Because they were unable to spread the disease by coming into contact with other people. They would either recover from the disease or die before they could infect the wider population.
86
Why was closing down public meeting places like taverns effective?
Because it prevented people from gathering in large groups, this meant that the plague couldn?t spread quickly among a large group of people.
87
What led to the plague almost completely dying out at the end of 1665?
A extremely cold winter led to freezing temperatures which killed off the fleas that spread the disease.
88
What event in 1666 helped to prevent any further outbreaks of the Plague?
The Great Fire of London
89
How did the Great Fire of London (1666) help to stop the Plague from occurring again?
By destroying the poor quality housing that the rats and fleas thrived in. Also by killing most of the rats and fleas that were inhabiting London.
90
How did the rebuilding of London make it harder for diseases to spread in the future?
Christopher Wrenn designed the new buildings in London to be more spaced out which made it harder for diseases to spread quickly.
91
What is the Bubonic Plague?
When a person gets the plague after being bitten by a flea. This leads to swellings and Buboes to appear as the areas that have been bitten. It killed between 50-60% of those bitten.
92
What is the Pneumonic Plague?
When a victim of the Plague has the infection reach their lungs they can spread it via coughing and sneezing. The victim then breathes in the infected particles which quickly enter their bloodstream. This form of the Plague is almost always fatal killing between 95-100% of those infected this way.
93
What was the population size in 1801 and then in 1901?
16.3 million and then 41.6 million
94
What did Bentham believe?
It wasn’t the government’s job to interfere with people’s lives.
95
What did Chadwick believe?
It was the government’s job to interfere with people’s lives.
96
What was Louis Pasteur the first to do?
Establish a link between disease and germs.
97
What did Pasteur’s initial research do?
He argued that micro-organisms caused disease and he developed a vaccine for rabies based on researching chicken cholera.
98
What was Pasteur’s nickname?
The father of micro-biology.
99
What was pasteurisation?
Heating liquids to kill germs e.g. milk.
100
What did Koch discover?
A way of staining bacteria to make it visible under the microscope.
101
What germ did Koch discover?
The bacillus germ in 1891, which caused diphtheria, and a serum to treat it in 1894.
102
What was Paul Erlich’s major contribution to germ theory?
Salvarsan 606, in 1910, as a treatment for syphilis.
103
What were magic bullets?
carefully designed drugs designed to target and kill specific germs causing illness.
104
What 19th century technological improvements helped medicine?
Stethoscopes, thermometers, microscopes and X-Ray machines, from 1895.
105
What was Laudanum? It was recommended in Mrs Beeton’s book, The Book of Household Managament in 1861.
90% alcohol and 10% opium.
106
When did Aspirin go on sale in Britain?
1899
107
Which chemist opened in the 19th century?
Boots
108
How did mortality rates from surgery change in the 19th century?
Fell from 40% to 10%
109
What gas did Sir Humphrey Davy use to relieve pain in operations?
Nitrous Oxide - laughing gas
110
What gas did Robert Liston use during a leg amputation?
Ether
111
What anaesthetic did James Simpson start using in 1847?
Chloroform
112
Who was a famous user of chloroform?
Queen Victoria used it during childbirth in 1853.
113
What problems were there with 19th century anaesthetics?
Operations weren’t safer, it was hard to get doses correct, infections still happened, ether could ignite.
114
What did Joseph Lister discover?
That germs got into wounds due to dirty hospitals. He sterilised operations with carbolic acid and reduced death rates from 46% to 15% in three years. Known as the father of antiseptic surgery.
115
What aseptic surgery was
invented by Charles Chamberland?
Germ free environment, steam sterised equipment, staff scrubbed in.
116
What did Berkeley Moyniham start using in surgery?
Rubber gloves.
117
How many specialist hospitals were there in London by 1860?
36
118
How did Florence Nightingale improve hospitals in the Crimean War?
Cleaned them up and death rate fell from 40% to just 2%
119
How did Florence Nightingale improve nursing after the Crimean War?
Write the book called Notes on Nursing, set up a nurse training school at St Thomas’ Hospital and wrote Notes on Hospitals in 1863 which explained how to keep hospitals clean.
120
What was the life expectancy for rich and poor in Bethnal Green , London in 1842?
Rich 45 and poor 16
121
What was the child death rate in Manchester in the 1840s?
57% died before their 5th birthday.
122
What disease did young chimney sweeps suffer from?
Scrotal cancer
123
What disease did young girls in match factories suffer from?
Phossy Jaw, jaw cancer and brain damage.
124
Why did parliament have to leave London in 1858?
The Great Stink caused by the polluted Thames.
125
What famous man died of Typhoid in 1861?
Prince Albert.
126
What disease, caused by malnutrition, was called the English disease?
Rickets
127
How many people died from cholera in 1831, 1848 and 1854?
1831 -50000, 1848 - 60,000 and 1854 - 20000
128
Who discovered the causes of cholera from an infected water pump in Broad Street, London?
John Snow
129
How many people died due to the infected water pump in Broad Street, London?
In the first 10 days over 700 people died.
130
How did Snow prove that the water was spreading cholera?
He removed the water pump handle and the spread of the disease stopped.
131
How did Snow’s careful scientific experimentation influence the government?
The government published the Public Helath Act of 1875 and the Sanitary Act of 1866
132
What book did Edwin Chadwick write in 1842 which linked poor living conditions with disease?
Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population
133
What was the Clean Party?
A group pushing for the government to improve conditions in towns.
134
What was the Dirty Party?
A group pushing for the government to ignore conditions in towns due to costs. They were mainly wealthy tax payers.
135
Who set up Ragged Schools to help poor children?
Dr Barnardo
136
What happened in Ragged Schools?
Meals provided, evening classes, Sunday school, wood chopping brigade, training as servants, fresh air fund, immigration schemes to provide a new life in Canada or Australia.
137
What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?
Created a Central Board of Health, urged local councils to clean up towns, inspected lodgings houses and food quality.
138
What did Joseph Bazalgette do?
Built 83 miles of sewers under London which removed 420 million tonnes per day.
139
What did the 1866 Sanitary Act do?
made local government responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning.
140
What did the 1875 Housing Act do?
Local government redeveloped slums and knocked down bad housing.
141
What did the 1875 Public Health Act do?
Local councils forced to provide clean water and have health inspectors. Collect rubbish, cover sewers, regulate food and provide street lights.
142
What did the 1875 Food and Drug Act do?
Regulated food and medicine to make it safer.
143
Who did St Mary’s Hospital send to study infections in wounded soldiers during WWI?
Alexander Fleming
144
What germ caused septicaemia / Infections?
Staphylococci
145
How did Fleming discover penicillin in 1928?
By chance. Mould formed in one of his petri dishes while he was on holiday. It had killed the germ inside.
146
What test did Fleming fail to do which would have proved useful?
He failed to inject penicillin into the blood stream.
147
Who developed the work of Fleming?
Florey and Chain who started to experiment on mice and humans in 1941.
148
Who did Florey and Chain first experiment on?
A policeman who had an infection from a rose. After initial improvement he died as there wasn’t enough antibiotic available.
149
How did war affect penicillin?
War spread up production due to large injury rates.
150
Describe penicillin use during World War Two
In 1943 1,000 soldiers were helped but by 1945 250,000
151
What % of soldiers would have died without penicillin during WWII?
15%
152
How did the government help with penicillin production after WWII?
There was a huge sponsored programme to produce the “wonder drug” and it was used to treat diseases such as; bronchitis wounds, abscesses and tonsillitis.
153
can you name three other antibiotics produced after penicillin?
Streptomycin for treating TB, Tetracyline for skin infections and Mitomycin used against cancer.
154
Which drug for sleeping resulted in the birth of babies with poorly formed limbs?
Thalidomide
155
Name two antibiotic resistant superbugs.
MRSA and Norovirus
156
When was the first open heart surgery performed?
1950
157
When was the first kidney transplant in the UK?
1960
158
When was the first heart transplant in the UK?
1967
159
When was the first hip replacement performed in Britain?
1972
160
When were MRI scans first used?
1987
161
When was the first full face transplant?
2008
162
Can you list 4 examples of alternative medicine?
Hydrotherapy, aromatheraphy, hypnotherapy, acupuncture
163
During World War One, what did CCS stand for?
Casualty Clearing Stations
164
Can you list 4 technological improvements in medicine during World War One?
Mobile x-ray units, blood transfusions, skin grafts, the Thomas splint
165
How many men suffered from shell shock during World War One
80,000
166
Who developed the ‘talking cure’ for shellshock?
William Rivers
167
Who developed new techniques in skin grafts?
Harold Gillies
168
In what year were different blood groups discovered?
1901
169
When anti-coagulant was added to blood, how long would it last?
28 days
170
During World War Two, how many blood doners were used?
700,000
171
What was known as the Spanish Lady?
The influenza pandemic 1918-1919
172
How many people died in the flu pandemic 1918-1919
20-40 million (mostly 20-40 year olds!)
173
How many people died from the 1918-1919 flu pandemic in the UK?
280,000
174
What was the name of the world’s first test tube baby
Louise Brown
175
What type of surgery allows you to rejoin nerves and blood vessels
Micro surgery
176
In what year was DNA discovered?
1953
177
What scans allow surgeons to see inside the body?
CAT scans and MRI scans
178
Which war highlighted the poor health British workers
Boer War
179
Name two social investigators who highlighted the problems of poverty
Rowntree and Booth
180
Which political party was elected in 1906, promising social reform?
Liberal Party
181
What reform did the Liberals introduce to improve children’s health?
Free School Meals (1906), School medical inspections (1907), Children’s Act (1908) and School Clinics (1912)
182
Which Liberal reform helped sick workers avoid starvation?
National Insurance Act Part 1 (1911)
183
Which Liberal reform helped the elderly?
Pensions Act (1909)
184
Who wrote a report about the state of Britain during World War Two?
Sir William Beveridge (1942)
185
How many copies of the Beveridge Report were sold in the first month?
100,000
186
What did Beveridge say were the 5 giants of poverty?
Disease, want (need), ignorance, idleness and squalor (poor living conditions)
187
When was the National Health Service (NHS) set up?
4th July, 1948
188
How many new towns were built by 1948 and how many council homes build per year?
12 new towns and 280,000 council homes per year
189
Before the NHS, how many people had never seen a doctor?
8 million
190
How has life expectancy changed for men and women since 1948?
Women from 66 to 83 and men from 64 to 79
191
When were charges first introduced for the NHS?
1952 - charges for glasses introduced, prescriptions cost 1s and dental treatment cost £1
192
In December 1952, how many people were affected by the ‘killer smog’?
12,000 people died and 100,000 were taken ill
193
When did the government pass the Clean Air Acts?
1956 and 1968 which tried to reduce the number of coal fires
194
When was smoking in public places banned and smoking in cars with a child passenger?
2007 (public places) and 2015 (in cars with a child passenger)
195
By 2014, how many people had died from AIDS
40 million
196
How many in people in Britain currently have AIDS?
100,000
197
Who, What, When is John Arderne
- Bum surgeon during the 100 years war in the medieval period.
ST - Had a 50% success rate during his surgery and had developed painkilling ointments of Hemlock,opium and henbane which reduced cauterisation
LT - Wrote "A Practice for Surgery" in 1350 which challenged the work of Galen and Hippocrates with safer techniques.
-
198
Who, What, When is Mayor of Coventry
- 1421 mayor (medieval)
ST - ordered every man to clean in front of there house or they get fined 12 pence
LT - waste was sold to farmers, all toilets and waste banned from rivers to allow clean water. Waste disposal locations and dunghills were made.
199
Who, What, When is Ibn al-Nafis
- Around during Medieval
ST - Discovered how the blood circulated through the heart which disproved Galen's theory on types of blood
LT - Influenced William Harvey who finally discovered the complete circulatory system in the 17th century.
200
Who, What, When is Rhazes
- Medieval Islamic surgeon
ST - Head doctor in Baghdad hospital. Considered allergies and noticed fevers were a body's natural method
LT - Wrote "El Hawi" and 200 further medical works with detailed descriptions of diseases gained through observation.
201
Who, What, When is Avicenna
ST - Anesthetised patients with cannabis and opium, used mercury and alcohol as antiseptic, and had rules about hygiene.
LT - Wrote "Cannon of Medicine" a combination of his own ideas combined with Galen and Hippocrates. His work was translated into Latin and was used widely in the West. His book was used as the medicine textbook well into the 17th century
