Medicine Flashcards
(20 cards)
1848 - What were the four humours?
phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. they were 4 important fluids in the human body.
1848 - What did people believe happened when the 4 humours were unbalanced?
When they were unbalanced, one was more prevalent than the others and more prevalent than it should be. They believed this unbalance was what made people ill. For example, if someone had a runny nose, they believed they had excess phlegm.
1848 - How did they treat someone with unbalanced humours?
The aim was to keep the same amount of all 4 humours in the body. they did this by removing the excess humour via purging or bleeding.
1848 - Summarise spontaneous generation
something begins to rot and as it rots further, it creates maggots and disease which make people ill. disease is spontaneously generated from rot.
1848 - Summarise miasma theory
bad smells spread disease. they saw that people whom lived in dirtier, smellier places got ill more often and that it was worse in the summer .
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Florence Nightingale - background
born in 1820 into a wealthy, middle class family. trained at kaiserwerth in germany.
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Florence Nightingale - crimea
travelled with 38 nurses in 1854. found appalling conditions in a military hospital in scutari. patients were sleeping on the floor, infested with lice or flees, cholera and typhoid fever are common, limited food and medical supplies, unsafe buildings and ra and mice.
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Florence Nightingale - Work in the Crimea
in order to improve her patients care, she cleaned all surfaces, equipment and bedding, improved food, bought new supplies including towels, soap and shirts, consistently checked on patients and finally, opened windows to improve ventilation. led to reduced death rate.
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Florence Nightingale - after Crimea
when she returned to england, she was seen as an expert and a managerial figure. she published 2 books in 1859 called NOTES ON HOSPITALS and NOTES ON NURSING which detailed her findings and recommendations on hope hospitals should be run. she then set up 2 training institutes in london, THE NIGHTINGALE SCHOOL AT ST THOMAS’ HOSPITAL and a training school for midwifes at KINGS COLLEGE HOSPITAL in 1861. she then wrote over 200 books on hospital design and nursing.
Pasteur - germ theory progress
- disproved spontaneous generation
- identified that microorganisms in the air lead to decay
- helped demonstrate link between hygiene and health
- helped explain how infections developed after surgery
Pasteur - germ theory hindrance
- general theory that wasn’t explicitly related to medicine
- took many years for the scientific community and the public to accept it
- unclear how it could be used to treat people
- no knowledge of which microorganisms caused decay
Pasteur - background
french research chemist
1854 - asked to investigate why beer turns sour
- discovered microbes using a microscope
- discovered that they were killed if the beer was heated up and it was no longer sour
- carried out experiments on milk, wine and vinegar
publicised his ideas and came up with “germ theory”
Pasteur - Germ theory
1861
4 basic principles
- air contains living microorganisms
- microorganisms can be killed by heating them
- microorganisms in the air cause decay
- microorganisms are not evenly distributed in the air
Koch and Pasteur - 1875 & 6
1875
- pasteurs germ theory is widely accepted
- koch was studying anthrax in farm animals and identified the microorganisms
1876
- koch published his work and developed methods of staining and photographing it
- focused on investigating microorganisms that caused disease which could be used to prevent and treat disease in the future
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Elisabeth Blackwell - background
- english woman who became the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the usa.
- spent a year giving lectures around the uk when she returned
- met Elizabeth Garrett at one of these lectures
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Elizabeth Garrett - Background
- came from a wealthy family who were horrified at the idea of her becoming a doctor.
- met Blackwell at a lecture and was inspired by her story and career
- became a nurse at Middlesex Hospital and attended lectures
- applied top several medical schools and was rejected from all of them
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Elizabeth Garrett - qualifying as a doctor
- she had completed a course of medical training
- none of the societies accepted her as a member so she couldn’t be licensed
- Garretts father (who now supported her career) threatened to sue the Society of Apothecaries, forcing them to accept her
- ## she became qualified to practice medicine in 1865
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Elizabeth Garrett - Achievements
- opened st mary’s dispensary in 1866 to train women in medicine
- gained a medical degree in paris after teaching herself french
- the dispensary expanded and moved site to become the New Hospital for Women and then the London School of Medicine for Women.
- became a member of the British Medical Association (BMA)
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Sophia Jex Blake
- led 4 other women who persuaded Edinburgh University to let them study medicine
- they had to pay additional fees and were often harassed and faced lots of opposition
- university forced them to leave
- eventually gained her degree whilst studying abroad
WOMEN IN THE 1800’S
Frances Hoggan
- successfully completed the Society of Apothecaries examinations in 1876 but wasn’t admitted
- went to Zurich University and graduated in 1870
- did post grad work in Vienna, Prague and Paris
- licensed to practice in Britain in 1877
