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History > Medicine > Flashcards

Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What did some Greeks believe

A

Believed in supernatural cures and that Gods caused and cures disease

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2
Q

What did Hippocrates look for

A

Looked for more natural causes of disease

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3
Q

What was the “big idea” Hippocrates developed?

A

The four humours with lasted 1000 years

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4
Q

What did Hippocrates believe about the four humours

A

Beloved the four humours needed to be in balance and people became ill when they see out of balance

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5
Q

What were the 4 humours

A

Phlegm
Blood
Yellow bile
Black bile

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6
Q

What was the ancient Egyptians main idea and how did they cure it

A

That someone became ill if there veins were blocked this idea came form the River Nile. Treated by unblocking channels through purging, vomiting or bleeding

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7
Q

What did galen believe in and what was his ideas similar with

A

Galen had great similarities to the work of Hippocrates and he believed in the 4 humours

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8
Q

How did he develop the Hippocrates further

A

By treating patients with the opposites, such as a hot pepper to treat a cold with too much phlegm

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9
Q

What did Galen and the Romans emphasise

A

The importance of public health

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10
Q

What was he famous for

A

Famous for 60 books he wrote combining Greek ideas with his own

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11
Q

What were Galen’s ideas the basis for and how long for

A

For medical teaching and learning for 1500 years

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12
Q

What did Galen prove

A

Proved brain controlled speech and veins and arteries carried blood. Also proved animal anatomy different to humans

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13
Q

How was an imbalance of humours treated

A

Bleeding,vomiting,purging

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14
Q

Why did the Greeks develop the 4 humour theory

A

Many Greeks went on believing in the old ideas about gods or spirits controlling everything. Wanted to understand how things worked

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15
Q

What did the four humours fit in with?Name them…

A

Fitted in with the four elements which caused different symptoms to occur.

Phlegm-water-sneezing
Blood-air-nose bleeds
Yellow bile-fire-fevers
Black bile-earth-dry skin/vomiting

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16
Q

What did the Romans have to keep clean

A

Romans knew the importance of clean water and sewers. Had public bath houses to keep people clean

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17
Q

What could be found in most Roman towns and what did they go to great lengths for

A

Under floor heating in most roman towns. They went to great lengths to bring fresh water to their towns and cities

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18
Q

What was the dark ages

A

Medical knowledge lost after the Romans left

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19
Q

What role did Muslims play in medicine linking to knowledge

A

Writers translated the words of Ancient Greece and Rome into Arabic to be passed onto Europe

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20
Q

What did medical writers in Islam do

A

Wrote books to be passed on

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21
Q

What were Islamic hospitals sites of

A

Medical education as well as healing

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22
Q

What did students receive in Islamic hospitals

A

Practical training and observations with cleanliness encouraged

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23
Q

Why were medieval hospitals inexperienced

A

Very few hospitals employed physicians or surgeons most work done by nuns and sisters

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24
Q

Why were medieval hospitals biased

A

Care often took place in a spiritual or religious form, main treatment being prayer

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25
Q

What type of remedies did they use in medieval hospitals

A

Herbal and spiritual

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26
Q

Why were medieval hospitals issues to people

A

No pregnant women, contagious diseases, sucking infant and poor patients released without delay

27
Q

How popular was surgery? Explain…

A

Rare and instead herbal methods or treatments relating to the 4 humours would be used

28
Q

If surgery was done what was it like?

A

Relatively basic and would take the form of amputations etc

29
Q

Who was John Arderne

A

Trained as a surgeon and had a survival rate of over 50%, worked as a surgeon on battlefield which helped him deal with major wounds.

30
Q

What did John Arderne develop

A

A pain killing ointment

31
Q

What did Andreas Vesalius carry out and what was his belief about this

A

Carried out his own dissections and believed anatomy was key to understanding the human body

32
Q

What did versalius do that changed attitudes towards medicine

A

Published a book

33
Q

Who did versalius challenge and what did he use to do this

A

First to challenge galens work and used new technologies of renaissance to do this

34
Q

What did versalius work to do

A

To disprove Galens theories and develop new ideas based on logical medical ideas

35
Q

What did versalius encourage

A

Others to challenge Galen to develop medicine in the future

36
Q

Who was ambroise pare

A

A surgeon in the French army

37
Q

How did working in the army aid Pare

A

Allowed him to observe patients more effectively and develop new methods of treatment. His work was published

38
Q

What did pare use to cauterise wounds and what was his alternate method to this

A

Hot oil

Mixture of turpentine egg yolk and oil off roses to dress wounds which was less painful and more effective

39
Q

What did pare develop

A

Used ligatures to tie off wounds after amputations. Later developed the first artificial limbs

40
Q

Who was William Harvey

A

A training physician from England

41
Q

What was Harvey’s most famous work and who did it challenge

A

Motion of the heart and strongly challenged Galen and the ancients

42
Q

What was Harvey taught and what did he discover and how

A

Taught that veins in body worked as valves and blood only pumped one way

By experimenting on animals discover blood pumped in a circular motion

43
Q

What did Harvey prove

A

The heart worked was a pump and and proved galens idea about the liver being the centre of the body was wrong

44
Q

Who rejected Harvey’s ideas and why. What did they refuse to accept

A

Those who supported Galen and argued they could see no capillaries so couldn’t prove there existence and didn’t accept the roles of experiments

45
Q

How was communication improved

A

New tech such as printing press allowed books to be published so medical knowledge could be spread and not lost.

Cannons and microscopes also enabled new discoveries and new wounds surgery began to take place

46
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham believe

A

Careful and close observation of the symptoms of disease and as little intervention as possible

47
Q

What did Thomas think and what did he treat

A

Each disease was unique and had a separate treatment

Treated a form of malaria and developed a treatment do hypochondria by using cool therapy instead of warm

48
Q

What did John Hunter serve as and what did he deal with

A

Army surgeon and dealt with gunshot wounds and amputations

49
Q

Who was one of hunters students

A

Edward Jenner

50
Q

What did hunter believe and what did he do a lot of

A

Best way of treating deep wounds was to leave as much as possible to nature

Spent time dissecting bodies to see how they worked

51
Q

What was still not discovered in the renaissance

A

Anaesthetics as wine and opium was used which led to unpredictable and fatal results

No antiseptics either

52
Q

What would most towns have in the renaissance

A

At least one pharmacy

53
Q

How were most people treated in the renaissance

A

With family remedies or other doctors

54
Q

What was quack medicine

A

Sold as a premature and cure usually with a long list of unproven claims which salesmen would take advantage of

55
Q

What was the plague and what were some of the beliefs about it

A

1/4 of population infected within 3 months

Spread by coughs and sneezes, plague attacks lungs, spread by fleas and rats

Diseased people locked away

In 19th century cause was found

56
Q

What did people think caused the plague

A

Dirt and disease

Not sure what caused it

Supernatural ideas

Surgeons not properly trained in renaissance either

57
Q

What did people think the treatments/preventions of the plague were

A

Public entertainment stopped

Pigs and other animals not to be kept in city

Rubbish must be cleared from streets

Weekly fasts must be held

58
Q

What did Fleming serve in

A

Army medical corps during First World War

59
Q

When a professor what did Felton produce many papers of

A

Bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy

Rewarded for his work

60
Q

What was penicillin

A

Discovered in 19th century

Lister used it once to treat infection in a wound but didn’t publish notes

61
Q

How was penicillin discovered

A

Noticed mould penicillin that had grown on one of his Petri dishes

Noticed some bacteria around the mould had been killed off

62
Q

What was penicillin the first of

A

Antibiotic that fighter infection

63
Q

How was penecillin developed

A

Published but couldn’t raise enough funds to develop drug

Experimented on humans in 1941 which proved its effectiveness

Used on troops and to treat illness

64
Q

Why was penicillin good for the development of medicine

A

Allowed for new antibiotics to be discovered

New vaccines and pills to treat a whole range of disease and illness

History (2 decks)

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