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Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

Name four types of health promotion activity

A
  1. physical activity
  2. smoking cessation
  3. dietary advice and tackling obesity
  4. accident and injury prevention
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2
Q

Name 6 screening programmes in the UK

A
  1. antenatal and newborn
  2. abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
  3. bowel ca
  4. breast
  5. cervical
  6. diabetic retinopathy
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3
Q

When are people screened for AAA?

A

offered to all men in their 65th year. men >65 can self refer

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4
Q

When are people screened for bowel ca?

A

men and women aged 60-69 every 2 years.

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5
Q

When are people screened for breast ca?

A

women aged 50-70 every 3 years

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6
Q

When are people screened for cervical ca?

A

women aged 25-49 every 3 years

and women aged 50-64 every 5 years

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7
Q

When are people screened for diabetic retinopathy?

A

people with diabetes from the age of 12 every year

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8
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

prevention of the ONSET of disease. Also termed ‘health promotion’

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9
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

detection and management of disease in its earliest stages or the detection of asymptomatic disease (screening)

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10
Q

What is screening?

A

the detection of asymptomatic disease. There are two levels of screening in general practice

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11
Q

What are the levels of screening in general practice?

A
  1. opportunistic screening -individual asymptomatic patients are screened on an informal and ad hoc basis
  2. NHS population screening programmes
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12
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Halting the progression of already established disease

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13
Q

What are the factors involved in capacity/consent?

A
  1. understand info being given
  2. retain the info
  3. use/weigh the info in considering the decision
  4. communicate the decisio
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14
Q

What are the four principles of medical ethics?

A
  1. autonomy
  2. beneficence
  3. non-maleficence
  4. justice
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15
Q

In medical ethics, what is autonomy?

A

ensure the principle of self-determination is given due weight, and that patients who have capacity are enable to make an informed decision

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16
Q

In medical ethics, what is beneficence?

A

treatment decisions should be aimed at maximising patient welfare. involves balancing risks and benefits of treatment

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17
Q

In medical ethics, what is non-maleficence?

A

harm should be minimised and not disproportionate to the benefits of treatment

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18
Q

In medical ethics, what is justice?

A

fair distribution of benefits, risks and costs of treatment. treating patients in a similar position equally

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19
Q

What are causes of childhood fever? (10)

A
  1. URTI eg sore throat, otitis media, croup
  2. viral illnesses eg chickenpox, measles, influenza, infectious mononucleosis
  3. chest infections
  4. UTI
  5. meningitis, encephalitis
  6. septic arthritis, osteomyelitis
  7. septicaemia
  8. kawasaki disease
  9. tropical diseases
  10. non-infectious (RARE) eg malignancy, autoimmune disorders
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20
Q

What are the most common causes of childhood fever? (4)

A
  1. URTI eg sore throat, otitis media, croup
  2. viral illnesses eg chickenpox, measles, influenza, infectious mononucleosis
  3. chest infections
  4. UTI
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21
Q

What are the most important causes of childhood fever to rule out? (4)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. meningitis, encephalitis
  2. septic arthritis
  3. septicaemia
22
Q

What are the early signs of meningococcal disease in a child? (4)

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A
  1. cold hands and feet
  2. fever
  3. skin changes
  4. leg pains
23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of meningococcal disease in a child? (4)

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A
  1. vomiting
  2. headache
  3. photophobia
  4. altered consciousness
24
Q

What do you look for in examination for meningococcal disease in a child? (4)

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A
  1. purpuric rash
  2. neck stiffness
  3. lethargy
  4. positive Kernig’s sign (stiffness of hamstrings -inability to straighten leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees)
25
What is Kernig's sign? What does it test for?
positive test: stiffness of hamstrings -inability to straighten leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees for meningitis
26
What are the causes of acute cough in a child? (4)
1. urti 2. croup 3. pneumonia 4. pertussis
27
What are the causes of chronic cough in a child? (3)
1. post bronchiolitis or pertussis 2. aspiration of food 3. GORD
28
What are the causes of recurrent cough in a child? (3)
1. asthma 2. CF 3. bronchiectasis
29
What are the causes of acute stridor in a child? (4)
1. croup (6m-6y) 2. epiglottits (1-6y) 3. bacterial tracheitis 4. acute allergic reaction
30
What are the causes of chronic stridor in a child?
usually congenital causes eg laryngomalacia
31
What are the causes of wheeze in a child? (7)
1. resp tract infection 2. bronchiolitis (1-9m) 3. asthma (atopic and non-atopic) 4. croup 5. GORD 6. inhaled foreign body 7. heart failure
32
When should you not examine the throat in a child with a cough? Why?
If you suspect epiglottitis or an inhaled foreign body. may precipitate complete obstruction of the throat
33
What are causes of acute diarrhoea in children? (3)
1. infective gastroenteritis 2. food poisoning 3. diarrhoea a/w febrile illness eg urti, uti, chest ifx
34
What are causes of chronic diarrhoea in children? (4)
1. toddler diarrhoea 2. post-infective gastroenteritis, parasites eg giardia 3. over-flow from constipation 4. malabsorption -UC, crohn's, CF
35
What are the causes of vomiting in infants? (6)
1. over-feeding, posseting 2. gord 3. gastroenteritis 4. surgical causes -pyloric stenosis (1-4m), malrotation 5. intussception 6. extra-abdo causes of infection
36
Causes of vomiting in infants include: 1. 2. 3. 4. surgical causes -pyloric stenosis (1-4m), malrotation 5. intussception 6. extra-abdo causes of infection
Causes of vomiting in infants include: 1. over-feeding, posseting 2. gord 3. gastroenteritis 4. surgical causes -pyloric stenosis (1-4m), malrotation 5. intussception 6. extra-abdo causes of infection
37
``` Causes of vomiting in infants include: 1. over-feeding, posseting 2. gord 3. gastroenteritis 4. 5. 6. ```
Causes of vomiting in infants include: 1. over-feeding, posseting 2. gord 3. gastroenteritis 4. surgical causes -pyloric stenosis (1-4m), malrotation 5. intussception 6. extra-abdo causes of infection
38
What are the causes of vomiting in older children?
1. gastroenteritis 2. viral illness 3. systemic ifx eg UTI, meningitis 4. migraine 5. raised ICP 6. bulimia 7. preg, drugs
39
Causes of vomiting in older children include: 1. 2. 3. 4. migraine 5. raised ICP 6. bulimia 7. preg, drugs
Causes of vomiting in older children include: 1. gastroenteritis 2. viral illness 3. systemic ifx eg UTI, meningitis 4. migraine 5. raised ICP 6. bulimia 7. preg, drugs
40
Causes of vomiting in older children include: 1. gastroenteritis 2. viral illness 3. systemic ifx eg UTI, meningitis 4. 5. 6. bulimia 7. preg, drugs
Causes of vomiting in older children include: 1. gastroenteritis 2. viral illness 3. systemic ifx eg UTI, meningitis 4. migraine 5. raised ICP 6. bulimia 7. preg, drugs
41
``` Causes of vomiting in older children include: 1. gastroenteritis 2. viral illness 3. systemic ifx eg UTI, meningitis 4. migraine 5. raised ICP 6. 7. ```
Causes of vomiting in older children include: 1. gastroenteritis 2. viral illness 3. systemic ifx eg UTI, meningitis 4. migraine 5. raised ICP 6. bulimia 7. preg, drugs
42
What are the common behavioural problems in children presenting to GP? (5)
1. eating problems 2. bedwetting 3. crying baby 4. temper tantrums 5. sleep problems
43
What are the types of nocturnal enuresis in a child?
primary enuresis -delay in normal sphincter control | secondary enuresis -child previously dry -often psych
44
What are the factors to consider in bedwetting in a child? (5)
1. usually no organic cause 2. strong FH 3. organic causes eg: diabetes or renal disease, constipation 4. consider stress factors -family/child eg new school, bullying 5. sexual abuse
45
How to examine a child who bedwets?
1. test the urine (glucose, protein, ifx) 2. check height and weight 3. feel for faecal masses 4. exclude neurological or congenital abnormality
46
What is the management of bedwetting in a child? (7)
Explain: 1. common, usually no underlying cause 2. <7 years reassure unless suspect organic cause 3. discuss bladder maturation 4. can refer to enuresis clinic -enuresis alarm 5. desmopressin for short term 6. avoid drinks before bed, particularly fizzy/caffeinated drinks 7. practical measures eg waterproof cover on bed, light on in toilet if fear of dark
47
What are the six stages of change?
1. pre-contemplation/denial 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintenance 6. relapse/termination
48
In the stages of change model, what is pre-contemplation?
denial -people don't want to admit that they have a problem
49
In the stages of change model, what is contemplation?
recognise there is a problem, but to struggle to understand them. start thinking about how to solve them
50
In the stages of change model, what is preparation?
start making decisions and prepare for them
51
In the stages of change model, what is action?
making changes eg stopping smoking
52
In the stages of change model, what is maintenance?
stable behaviour -have goals and plans for relapse

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