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Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What were doctors called in Middle Ages?

A

Physicians

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2
Q

What did physicians use to decide treatments?

A

Doctrine of signatures followed
God had power to create illness
Zodiac charts

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3
Q

What natural treatments did physicians use?

A

Herbs
Honey
Urine charts

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4
Q

What did physicians use urine for?

A

Diagnose illness

Taste to see if taste sweet for diabetes

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5
Q

Name 2 main influences on British medicine in Middle Ages

A

Hippocrates

Galen

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6
Q

When was Hippocrates alive?

A

460-370BC

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7
Q

What Hippocratic treatment still underpins modern medicine?

A

Clinical observation

Examining and observing patient and keeping detailed records

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8
Q

What is clinical observation?

A

Clinical observation

Examining and observing patient and keeping detailed records

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9
Q

What is theory of 4 humours?

A

Body consists of 4 humours
Balanced for good health

Blood
Phlegm
Black bile
Yellow bile

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10
Q

What are 4 humours?

A

Body consists of 4 humours

Blood
Phlegm
Black bile
Yellow bile

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11
Q

How did they draw blood?

A

Applied Leeches
Opened veins
Used to treat infections
Balance humours

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12
Q

How did Galen learn about anatomy?

A

Animal dissection
Led to errors but was accepted by church
Design theory

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13
Q

What did Christians believe illness was?

A

A punishment for sinful behaviour

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14
Q

Why did Galen dissect animals?

A

To learn about anatomy

Human dissection banned

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15
Q

What is difference between Islamic and British medicine?

A

Islamic doctors wrote medical encyclopaedia
Treated patients in hospitals
Trained doctors

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16
Q

How did war improve surgeons skills?

A 
Improved skill in sealing wounds 
Quicker amputations
Improved ointments and painkillers
Sharing manuals and wound man diagrams 
New tools
Arrow cup for removing arrows
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17
Q

What is an arrow cup?

A

Tool to remove arrow heads from body without causing more damage

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18
Q

What is a wound man diagram?

A

Surgical diagram
1491

Shows cuts, wounds, rashes and other injuries

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19
Q

Why was public health bad in Middle Ages?

A

Poor sanitation, water supply and waste disposal
Bath houses available only for rich people
People believed it was not their role to ensure good hygiene for others
King’s role to protect from invasion not prevent disease

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20
Q

Why did monks have superior public health systems?

A

Monks literate and read lots
Stored water in wells and reservoirs
Kitchens separate from toilets to prevent contamination
Fresh running water

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21
Q

Why did people believe they got Black Death?

A 
Act of God
Punishment for sinful acts
Astrology
Alignment of sun and planets
Minority groups Jews accused of poisoning water supplies 
Miasma theory caused by bad smells
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22
Q

What is miasma theory?

A

Bad smells caused illness

Caused Black Death

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23
Q

How were Jews accused of causing Black Death?

A

Poisoning water supplies

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24
Q

How was astrology linked to Black Death?

A

Alignment of sun and planets caused it

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25
Name an ancient treatment used to treat Black Death?
Prayer Whipping themselves flagellants to show they repent sins Bleeding
26
Why did king organise special services?
Treatment of Black Death
27
Why did people whip themselves to avoid catching Black Death?
To show they had repented their sins
28
Why were flowers put in potions to treat Black Death?
To avoid bad smells
29
What inventions helped advance British medicine?
Microscope | Caxton printing press to allow ideas to be shared across Europe
30
How did Vesalius improve understanding of anatomy?
Human dissection
31
When was Vesalius alive?
1514-64
32
Why did Vesalius’ work have limited impact on treatment?
Doctors did not know about cause of illness
33
What was Vesalius ‘ book called?
De Humani Corporis Fabrica | On the fabric of the human body
34
Who was Pare?
French army surgeon Experimented on wounded soldiers Discovered better ways to prevent bleeding
35
When was Pare alive?
1510-90
36
What did Pare use instead of cauterising?
Ligatures to tie wounds | Had higher success rate
37
When Pare ran out of oil what did he use to seal wounds?
Egg yolk Turpentine Oil of roses
38
What did Harvey discover?
Circulation of blood Valves heart beat continuously Blood pumped around body
39
Which kings was Harvey doctor to?
King James 1 | King Charles 1
40
Why was Harvey‘s work not accepted in Britain?
Because it challenged Galen who thought liver produced blood | They could not see capillaries so did not believe
41
Compare surgery in Middle Ages with renaissance
``` Vesalius Pare Harvey Questioned role of God Improved science Microscope Caxton printing press Allowed ideas to spread across Europe ```
42
When was Great Plague?
1665
43
What were quacks?
Pretended they had a medical qualification | Sold fake potions
44
Who were most people treated by in renaissance?
Female family members | Local wise women
45
What improved training of surgeons?
Royal college for physicians All doctors had to do a course in anatomy Work for a year before qualifying
46
What did plague doctors wear?
Covered all parts of body to prevent catching it Beak of mask contains herbs to prevent bad smells Stick to beat ill people
47
What does smallpox cause?
Death Blindness Scarring
48
Who did Edward Jenner inject with small amount of smallpox to give immunity?
James Phipps | 6 year old boy
49
Where did Edward Jenner live?
Berkeley
50
When did Jenner publish his vaccinations findings?
1798
51
Why did vaccination face opposition?
Wrong to inject cow pox into humans Smallpox thought a punishment from God Prevention interfered with God’s will
52
When was vaccination made free for all babies?
1840
53
When was vaccination made compulsory?
1853
54
When was Louis Pasteur‘s germ theory?
1861
55
What did Koch discover?
Stained bacteria Easier to identify under microscope Linked germs to diseases
56
What field was Louis Pasteur in?
Microbiology Microorganisms Germ theory
57
What did Robert Koch identify cause of?
Diphtheria | Typhoid
58
What disease did Paul Ehrlich treat?
Syphilis
59
What was name of drug invented by Paul Ehrlich to treat syphilis?
Salvarsan 606
60
What year did Paul Ehrlich invent Salvarsan 606?
1910
61
When was stethoscope invented?
1816
62
When was X-ray machine invented?
1895
63
Who invented anaesthetic?
James Simpson | 1847
64
When was chloroform invented?
1847
65
Why did Queen Victoria use chloroform?
Childbirth Son Leo 1853
66
Who developed antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
67
Why did chloroform not reduce mortality rates?
Longer operations led to increased blood loss | Hard for accurate dose to be given
68
Who was first British surgeon to wear gloves and change clothes for operating?
Berkeley Moyniham | 1890
69
How is cholera caused?
Infected water John Snow 1854
70
What was Edwin Chadwick famous for?
Improvement in public health | Linked poverty to poor living standards
71
What is laissez faire policy?
Leave alone | Government should not interfere in people’s lives
72
When were public health laws introduced ?
1848 Public Health Act
73
Who first used penicillin?
Joseph Lister | Then Alexander Fleming
74
Who were Florey and Chain?
Researched penicillin 1937
75
When was penicillin first tested on humans?
1941
76
Give examples of alternative medicine
Acupuncture Homeopathy Aromatherapy hypnotherapy
77
When was first pacemaker?
1961
78
What is keyhole surgery
Use a small incision | Make ops quicker
79
Name 2 people involved in penicillin research?
Alexander Fleming Joseph Lister Florey and Chain
80
What was Beveridge report?
1942 Proposals for welfare changes after WW2 Set up national health service
81
When was NHS started?
1948
82
List 3 government public health measures since 1900
Free school meals 1906 Old age pensions 1908 Labour exchange to help unemployed find work
83
Which battle was Pare at?
Battle of Milan | 1536
84
What did they use in medieval times to clean wounds?
Wine
85
Which war was Florence Nightingale in?
Crimean War
86
When was plastic surgery first used?
First World War | Reconstruct disfigurements
87
When was a law passed which fined people for throwing garbage in rivers?
1388
88
When was smallpox declared eradicated?
1980
89
Who described 2 types of plague?
Guy de Chauliac Pneumonic Bubonic
90
Name a medieval Islamic physician
Albucasis Al Razi wrote comprehensive book on medicine Avicenna wrote cannon of medicine
91
When did Black Death arrive in Britain?
1348
92
When did William Caxton print first book in Britain?
1476
93
What is theory of opposites?
Treat illness by balancing humours | Hot cold wet dry
94
What is purging?
Make a person vomit or open bowels to treat illness rebalance humours
95
What is an apothecary?
A person who prepared and sold medicines | Chemist
96
How much of Europe’s population was killed by Black Death?
1/3
97
Who is often referred to as founder of modern human anatomy?
Andreas Vesalius | Flemish anatomist
98
Who is considered as father of surgery?
Abroise Pare
99
When did Vesalius publish Fabrica?
1543
100
When did Pare publish works on surgery?
1575 | Ligatures
101
When was great plague?
1665 | Great fire of London 1666
102
What was Edwin Chadwick’s report about?
Sanitation | Direct link between poor living conditions, disease and life expectancy
103
How did John Snow prevent spread of cholera?
Enter via mouth not miasma People stopped using contaminated pump Cases of cholera dropped
104
What is pasteurisation?
Using heat to kill bacteria
105
What was Pasteur’s germ theory?
Food went off | Contamination by microbes in air
106
Who is known as father of antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
107
Who is considered founder of modern bacteriology?
Robert Koch
108
What did Paul Ehrlich call his chemical that attached to germs and killed them?
Magic bullets
109
What was the first magic bullet?
Salvarsan 606
110
What is laissez faire?
The policy of leaving things alone and not interfering
111
When did Simpson discover chloroform?
1847
112
When was pasteurisation discovered?
1860 -64
113
When did Lister first use carbolic acid as an antiseptic?
1865
114
When was Salvarsan 606 discovered?
1909
115
What was first antibiotic?
Penicillin
116
When was penicillin discovered ?
1928
117
Who mass produced penicillin during WW2?
Florey and Chain
118
Who identified 5 giants to improve quality of life?
William Beveridge
119
Who introduced free care for everyone/ NHS?
Enduring BEVAN
120
Who developed DNA?
Crick and WATSON
121
Who performed first heart transplant.
Christian Barnard
122
What were 5 giants in Beveridge report?
``` Disease Want Ignorance Idleness Squalor ```
123
When was NHS set up?
1948

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