Medicine Dates and Statistics Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
How many humours were there
A
4
2
Q
When did Florence Nightingale publish “Notes on Hospitals” published
A
1859
3
Q
When did Florence Nightingale publish “Notes on Nursing” published
A
1859
4
Q
How many languages was Florence Nightingales “Notes on Nursing” published in
A
11
5
Q
When was the Nightingale School for training nurses opened in St Thomas’ Hospital
A
1860
6
Q
When was Florence Nightingale asked to take a small team of nurses to Scutari
A
1854
7
Q
How many Nurses did Florence Nightingale take to Scutari
A
38
8
Q
How many soldiers were in Scutari field hospital
A
almost 10,000
9
Q
When were the drains repaired improving the drinking water at Scutari field hospital
A
1855
10
Q
When did Mary Seacole go to the Crimea
A
1855
11
Q
What was the death rate of cholera
A
65%
12
Q
What was the death rate of tuberculosis
A
50%
13
Q
What was the death rate of typhus
A
40%
14
Q
What was the death rate of typhoid
A
30%
15
Q
When did Edwin Chadwick publish a report comparing the life expectancy of people in rural vs urban area
A
1842
16
Q
According to Edwin Chadwick’s report, what was the life expectancy of someone living in Liverpool
A
15
17
Q
According to Edwin Chadwick’s report, what was the life expectancy of someone living in Rutland
A
38
18
Q
When was the first Public Health Act
A
1848
19
Q
What fraction of cities acted upon the 1848 public health act
A
one third
20
Q
What number of cities acted upon the 1848 public health act
A
around 160
21
Q
When did John Snow first encounter Cholera
A
1832
22
Q
When did John Snow become a founding member of the Epidemiological Society of London
A
1850
23
Q
When did John Snow gain evidence that Cholera was transmitted through water based on water companies
A
1854
24
Q
How much more likely was a person to get cholera if they collected water downstream of the sewer (in percent)
A
933%
25
When did John Snow prove that the Broad Street pump caused cholera
4th September 1854
26
How many times did John Snow anaesthetise the queen
twice
27
When did James Simpson discover Chloroform
1847
28
When was Louis Pasteur hired to study vats of beer going sour
1850s
29
When did the Black Period begin
1846
30
When did the Black Period end
1866
31
When did Joseph Lister save and 11 year old boy using carbolic acid
August 1865
32
What was the death rate before the use of carbolic acid
45%
33
What was the death rate after the use of carbolic acid
15%
34
When did local cottage hospitals begin to be established
1860
35
How many beds did local cottage hospitals have
around 12
36
When did Great Ormond Street Hospital open
1852
37
When did Elizabeth Garett become officially qualified to practice medicine
1865
38
When did Elizabeth Garett open St Mary's Dispensary
1866
39
When did St Mary's dispensary add an additional ward
1872
40
How many beds did St Mary's dispensary's ward have in
10
41
When did Elizabeth Garett become a member of the British Medical Association
1873
42
When did Elizabeth Garett become the first female mayor in Britain
1908
43
When did Robert Koch publish his findings on the microbe that caused Anthrax, proving Louis Pasteur's findings
1876
44
What did Anthrax kill in 4 years in the hometown of Robert Koch
500 people and 50,000 animals
45
When did Koch identify the organisms that caused tuberculosis
1882
46
When did Koch identify the organisms that caused cholera
1883
47
When was Robert Koch's steam sterilizer first widely used
1878
48
When was the great stink
1858
49
How much money did the government initially give Joseph Bazalgette to build the sewers
£3 million
50
How long were the new sewers in London by 1865
2000km
51
How many pumping stations and treatment works were built with the new sewers
4
52
When was the last cholera outbreak in London
1866
53
When were the sewers finished being built in London
1875
54
How much did the London sewers cost in total to build
£6.5 million
55
When did the government make it compulsory to vaccinate children against smallpox
1852
56
When did a reform act double the number of men that could vote in Britain
1867
57
When was the second public health act
1875
58
When did Joseph Lister publish his findings on using cat gut ligatures
1881
59
When was Cocaine used as a local anaesthetic
1884
60
When was Novocaine developed
1905
61
When did Karl Landsteiner identify the blood types A,B and O
1901
62
When did Karl Landsteiner identify the blood type AB
1902
63
When was it discovered that blood type O could be given to anyone
1907
64
In the 19th century how many children did diphtheria kill each year
8000
65
When did Emil von Behring identify the anti-toxins produced by the body to fight diphtheria
1890
66
When did Paul Ehrlich create the Salvarsan 606
1909
67
How many compounds had Paul Ehrlich discovered before discovering the magic bullet
605
68
When did Wilhelm Röntgen discover the X-ray
1895
69
When did the Royal Free Hospital in London have an X-ray machine installed
1896
70
When did Marie Curie announce the discovery of Polonium and Radium
1898
71
When were Becquerel and the Curies awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics
1903
72
When did Charles Booth begin his research in London
1886
73
When did Charles Booth end his research in London
1903
74
According to Charles Booth, what percentage of people in London were below the poverty line
30%
75
How many shillings did someone have to make per week to not be considered in poverty by Charles Booth
21 shillings
76
When did Seebohm Rowntree begin his research in York
1899
77
When did Seebohm Rowntree end his research in York
1901
78
According to Seebohm Rowntree, what percentage of people in York were below the poverty line
30%
79
How many shillings did someone have to make per week to not be considered in poverty by Seebohm Rowntree
21 shillings
80
When did the Liberal Party win the election
1906
81
What fraction of volunteers for the Second Boer war were deemed unfit for service
one third
82
How many British soldiers were injured by poison gas
186,000
83
What percentage of British soldiers injured by poison gas were injured by mustard gas
80%
84
What percentage of British soldiers injured by poison gas died
2.6%
85
What year did the Germans first use Chlorine gas at Ypres
1915
86
When were gas masks first issued in WW1
July 1915
87
When did the British first use chlorine gas at the battle of Loos
1915
88
When was phosgene first used near Ypres
1915
89
When was mustard gas first used by the Germans
1917
90
How fast did Mustard gas work
12 hours
91
How far behind the front line were Regimental First Aid Posts
200m
92
How far behind the front line were Dressing Stations
600m
93
What was behind dressing stations
Casualty clearing stations and then base hospitals
94
When was Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) founded
1902
95
How many trained nurses were there in QAIMNS in 1914
fewer than 300
96
How many trained nurses were there in QAIMNS in 1918
over 10,000
97
When was the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) founded
1907
98
When was the voluntary Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) set up
1917
99
When did nurses begin to be officially registered
1919
100
How far behind the front line was the voluntary hospital at Pervyse run by Dr Frances Ivens
100m
101
How many beds did the voluntary hospital at Pervyse have
over 600
102
How many operations were completed at the voluntary hospital at Pervyse between January 1915 and February 1919
7204
103
What percentage of doctors were female at the start of WW1
less than 1%
104
When did the army ask for female doctors and volunteers in Malta
1916
105
How many female doctors were working in Malta by the end of WW1
80
106
When were Louisa Garret Anderson and Flora Murray put in charge of a military hospital in London staffed fully by women
1915
107
How many female medical staff worked at Louisa Garret Anderson's and Flora Murray's military hospital
15 (along with 7 assistants)
108
How many London hospitals began to accept women students during the war
12
109
How many female doctors were there in 1911
610
110
How many female doctors were there in 1921
1500
111
How many soldiers lost limbs in WW1
250,000
112
When did the Carrel Dakin irrigation system stop being widely used
1917
113
When was a specialist facial injuries ward set up in Cambridge Military Hospital by Harold Gillies
1916
114
When did Harold Gillies open the Queen's Hospital specialising in plastic surgery
1917
115
How many beds did the Queen's Hospital specialising in plastic surgery have
over 1000
116
By 1925, how many patients had the Queen's Hospital specialising in plastic surgery treated
over 5000
117
When was the Thomas Splint introduced on the Western Front
1915
118
What was the survival rate of a broken femur before the Thomas Splint
20%
119
What was the survival rate of a broken femur after the Thomas Splint
82%
120
How many mobile X-ray machines were used on the British section of the Western front
6
121
How many X-rays were needed to determine the exact position of a bullet
2
122
When did Richard Lewisohn discover that adding sodium citrate to blood would stop it clotting for some time
1915
123
How long could blood be stored for if sodium citrate had been added
A few days
124
When did Richard Weil discover that blood could be stored for longer if refrigerated
1915
125
When did Francis Rous and J. R. Turner discover that blood could be stored for much longer with glucose citrate
1916
126
How long could blood be stored for when mixed with sodium citrate
up to 4 weeks
127
When were blood depots of type O blood created before the Battle of Cambrai
1917
128
When did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin
1928
129
By when did Florey, Chain and Heatley have enough penicillin to treat a human
1941
130
When did penicillin become available to the British public through prescription
1946
131
By 2017, how many lives had been saved by penicillin
An estimated 200 million
132
What percentage was the deathrate of WW2 soldiers compared to WW1 soldiers
50%
133
When was penicillin first used on soldiers
1944
134
When did McIndoe start working at Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead
1939
135
How many members did the Guinea Pig Club have by the end of WW2
649
136
How many blood banks were established in London for civilians in 1939
4
137
When did the blood for Britain campaign start
August 1940
138
From when were female medical staff working abroad given military ranks equivalent to soldiers
1941
139
When did the RAMC also employ female doctors
1939
140
When was the Beveridge report published
1942
141
What were the 5 evils
Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, Idleness
142
What year were Labour elected after Churchill
1945
143
When did Labour introduce a second National Insurance Act
1946
144
When did the NHS begin
5th July 1948
145
In 1948 how many people had never seen a doctor as a result of not being able to afford it
an estimated 8 million
