medicine (individuals)

Question 1

Hippocrates

Answer 1

• “Father of Medicine”
• First person to believe diseases were caused naturally and not by God
• Hippocratic Oath still used

Question 2

Galen

Answer 2

• 4 humors theory: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood

- Influenced Western medical science for over 1300 years

Question 3

Rhazes

Answer 3

• First to distinguish one contagious disease from another

- Wrote a book titled “Doubts about Galen”

Question 4

Abulcasis

Answer 4

• Specialised in cauterisation
• Invented surgical instruments to inspect/remove foreign objects from the throat and ear
• Wrote “Kitab al Tasrit” (1000)

Question 5

Avicenna

Answer 5

• Wrote 40 works on medicine
• Wrote “Book of Healing” (1027)
• Wrote “Canon of Medicine” (1025)

Question 6

Roger Frugardi

Answer 6

• Wrote “Practice of Surgery” (1180)
• Used in Bologna and Montpellier
• Recommended an egg albumen dressing for wounds

Question 7

Hugh of Lucca

Answer 7

• Used wine as an antiseptic in the early 13th century
• Was a surgeon for Bologna in Italy (1214)
• Had a salary of 600 ‘Bolognini’ per year (not very well-paid)

Question 8

Ibn Nafis

Answer 8

• First to describe pulmonary circulation of the blood
• Over 110 medical textbooks written
• Started studying medicine at 16

Question 9

Mondino

Answer 9

• First to incorporate dissection into a medical curriculum
• His first public dissection (1315)
• Wrote “Anathomia Corporis Humani” (1316)

Question 10

Guy de Chauliac

Answer 10

• Wrote “Chirugia Magna” (1363)
• Influenced by Galen and Islamic Scientists
• Distinguished Bubonic Plague and Pneumonic Plague

Question 11

John of Arderne

Answer 11

• Member of Guild of Surgeons

- Created arrow wound ointment of hemlock & opium (1376)

Question 12

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 12

• Published “Report on Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Government”
• 1832, was asked to serve Royal Commission to investigate Poor Laws

Question 14

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 14

• Did his first public dissection (1543)
• Wrote “Tabulae Anatomicae Sex” (1538)
• Wrote “Fabric of the Human Body” (1543)

Question 15

Florence Nightingale

Answer 15

• Was a nurse in the Crimean War (1854-56)

- Improved unsanitary hospital conditions, decreased death count by 2/3

Question 16

Ambroise Paré

Answer 16

• Re-discovered use of Ligatures
• Came up with a gunshot wound treatment of egg-white, rose-oil and turpentine
• Wrote “Curing wounds caused by Firearms” (1545)

Question 17

Nicholas Culpepper

Answer 17

• Wrote “the Complete Herbal” (1653)
• Popularised use of Foxglove
• Was a Botanist, Herbalist, Physician and Astrologer

Question 17

John Hunter

Answer 17

• Collected 14,000 anatomical specimens, inc. 3000+ animals

- Set up his own anatomy school in London (1764)

Question 17

William Harvey

Answer 17

• Physician to King James I (1618)
• Worked at St Bartholomew’s Hospital
• Was a member of the Royal College of Physicians (1607)

Question 18

Humphry Davy

Answer 18

• Nitrous Oxide discovery (1799)

- Wrote “Researches concerning Nitrous Oxide and its Respiration” (1800)

Question 20

Robert Liston

Answer 20

• Wrote “Practical Surgeries” (1837)
• Could amputate a leg in 2 and a half mins
• “Fastest knife in the West End”

Question 21

James Simpson

Answer 21

• Discovered use of Chloroform as an anaesthetic (1847)

- Queen Victoria used it during childbirth which popularised it

Question 22

John Snow

Answer 22

• Used ether and chloroform as anaesthetics

- Wrote “On the mode of communication of Cholera” (1849)

Question 24

William Roberts

Answer 24

• Discovered Penicillin (1870-1874)
• Member of the Royal College of Surgeons
• Professor of Medicine (1863-1883)

Question 24

Beale, Bastian and Tyndall

Answer 24

• Beale wrote “Microscope in its Applications to Practical Medicine” (1854)
• Bastian became a physician (1887)
• Tyndall was a Professor of Physics (1853-1887)

Question 26

Joseph Bazalgette

Answer 26

• Knighted (1875)
• 82 miles of sewers in London
• Sewage system designer (1865-75)

Question 27

William Cheyne

Answer 27

• Wrote “Manual of the Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds” (1885)
• Translated Koch’s “Study on the Causes of Infections” (1880)

Question 27

Louis Pasteur

Answer 27

• “Pasteurisation” of milk and wine
• Disproved Spontaneous Generation with sterilised flask experiment
• Opened Pasteur Institute (1887)

Question 28

Robert Koch

Answer 28

• Tuberculosis research led to Nobel Prize (1905)
• Discovered Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax cause)
• Discovered Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB cause)

Question 29

Joseph Lister

Answer 29

• “Father of Antiseptic Surgery”

- Encouraged the use of Carbolic Acid spray to prevent infections

Question 30

Edward Jenner

Answer 30

• Studied at University of St Andrews
• Pioneer of Smallpox Vaccine
• “Father of Immunology”

Question 31

Barber Surgeons

Answer 31

• Performed blood-letting, teeth-pulling and amputations
• Had a very high mortality rate due to blood loss and infections
• Had to do an apprenticeship beforehand