Medicine Key People

Question 1

Alexander Fleming

Answer 1

Discovered penicillium, the bacteria that is used to make penicillin in 1928

Question 2

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 2

1514-64
Made discoveries of the anatomy which proved Galen wrong.
Created the fabric of the human body which contained detailed drawings of the anatomy

Question 3

Charles Booth

Answer 3

Carried out studies into poverty
‘ life and labour of the people in london’
1889-1903

Question 4

Edward Jenner

Answer 4

1749-1823
Discovered that cowpox could be used as vaccination against smallpox
He had observed that milkmaids who caught the mild disease cowpox did not go on to catch smallpox
1796, Jenner took cowpox pus from a milkmaid and put it into a small cut in the arm of 8 year-old James Phipps. Phipps became mildly ill with cowpox. Jenner gave Phipps pus from a smallpox victim and James did not become ill.

Question 5

Hippocrates

Answer 5

A Greek doctor who lived around approximately 400BC. He is called the ‘father of modern medicine’ as he developed the theory of the four humours, and the idea of observing and recording illnesses and diseases.

Question 6

Galen

Answer 6

He developed the theory of opposites
Galen’s work on anatomy was based on information gained by dissecting animals such as pigs and monkeys.
He discovered that the brain controls speech.
He believed that blood passed from one side of the heart to the other through tiny holes in the septum.
He also said that the human jaw bone is two separate bones, when it is actually one.

Question 7

Al-Razi (Rhazes

Answer 7

Al-Razi was a doctor who helped to plan
a hospital in Baghdad, in modern-day Iraq.
Was the first person to work out the difference between smallpox and
measles.
He wrote over 200 books, which were translated into Latin and used to teach in many universities across Europe.

Question 8

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Answer 8

Ibn Sina was a doctor.
He wrote many books, the most known The Canon of Medicine, completed in 1025.
The Canon of Medicine explored ideas about anatomy and human development, and it encouraged natural treatments.
He is known for being one of the first doctors to build on the works of Galen and not just copy them.

Question 9

Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca

Answer 9

Hugh of Lucca and Theodoric were Italian surgeons. Questioned the idea of Galen that pus in a wound was a sign that it was healing. To clean wounds, they used wine, which has antiseptic properties. Theodoric of Lucca also experimented with herbal remedies as anaesthetics.

Question 10

,Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 10

In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg had invented the printing press

Question 11

Ambroise Paré

Answer 11

Ambroise Paré was born in France in 1510.
He was a surgeon to French kings and worked as a barber surgeon in the French army.
Paré had by chance discovered a more effective treatment for treating gunshot wounds by his own ointment.
Paré used
ligatures
to tie blood vessels and stop bleeding. This was effective in stopping blood loss but did not necessarily reduce the death rate
As he was an army surgeon, Paré treated many amputees. This encouraged him to design various examples of artificial limbs

Question 12

William Harvey

Answer 12

William Harvey was an English doctor who was born in 1578.
Worked for most of his career at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London.
Harvey dissected frogs to show the heart is a pump. He also discovered valves in blood vessels, which make sure blood only flows in one direction

Question 13

John Hunter

Answer 13

Born in Scotland in 1728.
He trained as a surgeon at St Bartholomew’s Hospital.
Encouraged other surgeons to follow scientific methods in developing their practice.
Interest in anatomy.
Huge collection of animal and human skeletons, bones and body parts. He had over 14,000 items from more than 500 different species

Question 14

Humphrey Davy

Answer 14

In 1799, British surgeon Humphry Davy discovered that nitrous oxide worked as an effective local anaesthetic. He gave it the name ‘laughing gas’ and wrote about its potential in surgery.

Question 15

William Morton

Answer 15

Morton experimented with using ether as an anaesthetic. It worked effectively in preventing patients from feeling pain and quickly became widely used by surgeons in England. It was flammable, which meant it needed to be carefully stored. Patients often had a sore throat or feeling sick

Question 16

James Simpson

Answer 16

In 1847, he experimented with chloroform. He discovered that it was an effective general anaesthetic. Chloroform replaced ether as the most widely used anaesthetic. The discovery of chloroform meant patients were still during an operation and felt no pain. This meant surgeons could start to consider more complex operations

Question 17

Louis Pasteur

Answer 17

In 1861 Pasteur published his work on germ theory
1879 chicken cholera vaccine
Pasteur understood why his vaccine had worked, so he could replicate the process for other diseases.

Question 18

Robert Koch

Answer 18

He used industrial dyes to stain bacteria. This made them easier to identify when viewed under a microscope. In 1876, he identified the germ that causes anthrax. This was the first time the bacteria responsible for a specific disease had been identified.

Question 19

Joseph Lister

Answer 19

Read Pasteur’s germ theory. He used carbolic acid to soak bandages before applying them to a wound. He found that it prevented infection and helped wounds to heal. Carbolic acid spray started to be in surgery. It would be sprayed from a pump at the side of the operating table. This sterilised the air and equipment being used in the surgery.

Question 20

William Halsted

Answer 20

Antiseptic surgery
Aim was to sterilise equipment and hands, so there were no germs that could cause infection during an operation. This meant there was no need for carbolic acid to be used.

Question 21

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 21

Edwin Chadwick was a lawyer who wanted to reform the conditions poor people lived in. He carried out research into the living conditions in different parts of the country. Put together in his Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain in 1842. The report highlighted the impact of public health conditions and wealth on life expectancy.

Question 22

John Snow

Answer 22

John Snow was a physician in London during the cholera outbreak in 1854. He didn’t believe miasma theory caused the outbreak of cholera in 1854. He carried out an investigation to try to establish the cause of the outbreak.

Question 23

Joseph Bazalgette

Answer 23

Because of the Great Stink, the government invested in the construction of a new sewerage system in London. It designed by Joseph Bazalgette. The new system was designed in 1858 and completed in 1875.

Question 24

Charles Booth

Answer 24

In 1889, Charles Booth investigated the levels of poverty in London. He produced a map that showed the divide between wealthier and poorer areas of the city. Booth found that 35% of people lived in extreme poverty, even though many of them had full-time jobs.It showed that despite the reforms of public health in 1875-1876, more still needed to be done.

Question 25

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 25

Theory that some chemicals might be able to kill specific germs without harming healthy human tissue.
Ehrlich investigated chemicals that would kill syphilis germs.
Salvarsan 606 was the first magic bullet.

Question 26

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

Answer 26

In 1935, they used Fleming’s work as a basis for trying to purify penicillin so it could be given as a medicine. By 1941, they had managed to achieve this and were ready for a human trial.
They found a way to mass produce penicillin. The US government paid for enough penicillin to be produced that every American soldier injured on D-Day could be given penicillin

Question 27

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 27

During the 1950s, she used X-rays to take images of DNA. This work was crucial in enabling researchers to start to understand the structure and composition of DNA.

Question 28

Francis Crick and James Watson

Answer 28

Discovered the double helix structure of DNA. They wrote about their findings in the medical journal. The discovery of DNA’s structure was significant in helping researchers to understand the causes of some diseases.