Medicine key stats and facts Flashcards
(232 cards)
1
Q
Medieval England dates
A
Roughly 1000-1500
2
Q
When did astrology come to Europe from Islam
A
1100-1300
3
Q
What Church did to remove evil spirits from a person
A
Exorcisms
4
Q
Calendars used by doctors to see where stars and planets were
A
Almanacs
5
Q
Hippocrates birth and death
A
c.460-c.377 BC
6
Q
Galen birth
A
AD 129
7
Q
When did miasma last until
A
1860s
8
Q
Where did Johannitus travel to and from and in which century
A
From Baghdad to Byzantium
9th century
9
Q
Islamic doctors that kept classical beliefs alive
A
Johannitus
Avicenna
10
Q
Book by Avicenna
A
‘The Canon of Medicine’
11
Q
Islamic doctors with new discoveries
A
Albucasis
Avenzoar
Ibn al-Nafis
12
Q
In which century did Avenzoar live
A
12th century
13
Q
In which century did Ibn al-Nasif live
A
13th century
14
Q
When was Albucasis born
A
c.936
15
Q
2 techniques that become useful as a result of Alchemy
A
Distillation
Sublimation
16
Q
3 drugs prepared from alchemy
A
-Laudanum
-Benzoin
-Camphor
17
Q
People that whipped themselves in public
A
Flagellants
18
Q
3 resources people would use to purify the air in medieval times
A
Juniper
Myrrh
Incense
19
Q
An example of a lucky charm
A
Powdered unicorn horn
20
Q
How many physicians were there in medieval times
A
Less than 100
21
Q
How long did physicians have to study for in medieval times
A
7 years
22
Q
When did Hugh of Lucca and Theodoric work as surgeons and where
A
13th century
Italy
23
Q
When did John of Ardene produce his anaesthetic
A
1376
24
Q
When did John of Ardene write his book Practica
A
1376
25
3 ingredients in John of Ardene's anaesthetic
Hemlock
Opium
Henbane
26
When did the govt order town authorities to keep streets free of waste (medieval)
1388
27
When did the Black Death first arrive in Britain
1348
28
How many likely died of the Black Death in Britain
1/3
29
2 towns which tried to prevent Black Death
Winchester
Gloucester
30
When did King Edward III close parliament as a result of the Black Death (month)
January 1349
31
What law stopped peasants moving and when was it passed
Ordinance of Labourers
1349
32
When was the Peasants Revolt
1381
33
What association did John of Ardene set up
The Guide of Surgeons
34
What war did John of Ardene fight in
Hundreds Years War
35
What century did Protestant Christianity arrive and what was this called
16th
Reformation
36
When was Vesalius born
1514
37
Where was Vesalius a medical professor
Padua University
38
2 books written by Vesalius
-Six Anatomical Pictures (1538)
-Fabric of the Human body (1543)
39
When did Vesalius write 'Six Anatomical Pictures'
1538
40
When did Vesalius write 'Fabric of the Human body'
1543
41
Who invented the Printing Press and when
Johannes Gutenberg
1440
42
Who brought the Printing Press to Britain and when
William Caxton
1476
43
When was William Harvey born
1578
44
2 places where Harvey studied
Padua University, Italy
Royal College of Physicians, England
45
Where was Harvey from
Britain
46
2 people Harvey was a physician to
James I
Charles I
47
What book did Harvey write
On the Motions of Heart and Blood (1628)
48
When did Harvey write 'On the Motions of Heart and Blood'
1628
49
When was Pare born
1510
50
What job did Pare have
Barber surgeon and army surgeon
51
What book said wounds should be treated with red hot iron and boiling oil
Of wounds in General
52
What book did Pare write
'The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare' (1575)
53
When did Pare write 'The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare'
1575
54
Which disease was believed to be cured by the King's touch (supernatural)
Scrufola
55
When did the College of Physicians start to license doctors to stop quackery
1600
56
The Great Plague
1665
57
How many people died of the Great Plague in London
100,000
58
When was the College of Physicians set up
1518
59
2 new ingredients brought back from explorations
-Guaiacum
-Quinine
60
When was the London College of Surgeons created
1800
61
John Hunter birth and death
1728-1793
62
How many dissections did Hunter witness and over how many years
2000
12 years
63
2 books written by Hunter
-'The treatise of Venereal diseases' (1786)
-'Natural History of Teeth' (1771)
64
When did Hunter write 'The treatise of venereal diseases'
1786
65
When did Hunter write 'The Natural History of Teeth'
1771
66
When did Hunter improve aneurysms by working on a man's thigh
1785
67
When and where did Hunter set up his anatomy school
1764
Leicester Square
68
Who did Hunter teach
Edward Jenner
69
When did Henry VIII dissolve the monasteries
1530's
70
3 examples of charity hospitals built in the 18th century
Middlesex infirmary
London hospital
Guy's hospital
71
When did Cottage hospitals start running
1860's
72
When did Florence Nightingale become a nurse
1849
73
When did the Crimean war break out
1853-1854
74
Which hospital did Nightingale work at during the Crimean War
Barrack hospital
75
Who asked Nightingale to help at the Barrack hospital
Sidney Herbert
76
What book did Florence Nightingale write
'Notes on Nursing' (1859)
77
When did Nightingale write 'Notes on Nursing'
1859
78
How much did the public raise to help train nurses
£44,000
79
What school did Nightingale set up and where
Nightingale School of Nursing
St Thomas' hospital, London
80
What did death rates decrease from and to at Barrack hospital
42% to 2%
81
How many people had died from smallpox in London alone by 1751
3500
82
In what year did 3500 people die from smallpox
1751
83
What woman promoted inoculation
Lady Mary Wortley
84
When and where was Edward Jenner born
1749
Gloucestershire
85
When did Edward Jenner test his theory
1796
86
What 2 people were involved in Jenner's vaccination testing
James Phipps
Sarah Nelmes
87
When did Jenner publish his findings on smallpox
1798
88
Where did Jenner get the term vaccination from
From the latin word, Vacca, meaning cow
89
Who supported Jenner's vaccination
William Woodville
90
How much did the parliament give Jenner to build a vaccination clinic and when
£10,000 (and £20,000 more later)
1802
91
When was the smallpox vaccination free for infants
1840
92
When was the smallpox vaccine compulsory
1853
93
Who invented the microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
94
In what century did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invent the microscope
17th century
95
When did Pasteur do his first experiment on the souring of alcohol
1857
96
What was the name of the equipment Pasteur used
Swan neck flask
97
When did Pasteur publish Germ Theory
1861
98
When did Pasteur provide further evidence that there was a link between germs and disease
1867
99
3 things Pasteur's Germ Theory helped
-Lister to develop antiseptics
-Snow to confirm his ideas on cholera
-Linked disease to poor living conditions which led to the 1875 Public Health Act
100
4 bacteria Koch identified
-Anthrax (1876)
-Septicaemia (1878)
-Tuberculosis (1882)
-Cholera (1883)
101
When did Koch identify the anthrax bacteria
1876
102
When did Koch identify the septicaemia bacteria
1878
103
When did Koch identify the tuberculosis bacteria
1882
104
When did Koch identify the cholera bacteria
1883
105
When did Pasteur start to compete with Koch to combat new microbes
1877
106
When did Pasteur do a public experiment on how the attenuated anthrax bacteria made the sheep immune
1881
107
Who discovered the diphtheria germ and when
Edwin Klebs
1883
108
What 2 people proved that the diphtheria germ was due to a toxin
Friedrich Loeffler
Emile Roux
109
Who produced an antitoxin used to reduce effects of diseases and when
Emil von Behring
1891
110
Who won the Nobel Prize for discovering how malaria is transmitted and when
Ronald Ross
1902
111
2 people that developed magic bullets
Paul Ehrlich
Gerhard Domagk
112
When did Paul Ehrlich set out to find chemicals that could act as synthetic antibodies
1889
113
When was the syphilis bacteria identified
1905
114
How many compounds did Ehrlich try when searching for an arsenic compound that was a magic bullet for syphilis
600
115
Who joined Paul Ehrlich's team in 1909
Sahachiro Hata
116
What was the name of the drug that Ehrlich and Hata effectively created
Salvarsan 606
117
When was Salvarsan 606 first used
1911
118
What was the chemical mix used by Gerhard Domagk and in what decade
Prontosil
1930's
119
What chemical was found in both Salvarsan 606 and Prontosil
Sulphonamide
120
2 diseases treated by sulphonamide
Pneumonia
Scarlet Fever
121
Who identified Nitrous oxide and when
Humphrey Davy
1799
122
Another name for Nitrous oxide
Laughing gas
123
Which American dentist used nitrous oxide publicly but was ignored and in what year
Horace Wells
1845
124
Who discovered the anaesthetic qualities of ether and when
Crawford Long
1842
125
Which American dentist publicly used ether and when
William Morton
1846
126
What was James Simpson's job and where
Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University
127
When did Simpson discover the effects of chloroform (month)
November 1847
128
When did Queen Victoria use chloroform
1853 (eighth child)
129
2 people that investigated antisepsis
Ignaz Semmelweis
Joseph Lister
130
What technique did Ignaz Semmelweiss promote
Washing hands in chloride of lime solution
131
When did Lister first start to use carbolic acid in the operating theatre
1860s
132
When did Lister hear about Germ Theory
1865
133
Decrease in death rates by using antiseptics (with dates)
50% (1864-1866)
15% (1867-1870)
134
When and where was Lister's well-publicised operation using carbolic acid
1877
King's College Hospital
135
How many times higher was the number of operations from 1867 to 1912
10x
136
Who invented surgical gloves and when
William Halsted
1889
137
What temperature were instruments sterilised at
120 degrees
138
In what centuries did lots of people move to towns for work
18th century/19th century
139
When did cholera reach Britain
1831
140
How many people died of cholera in Britain in 1832
21,000
141
4 years when cholera epidemics happened
1)1831
2)1848
3)1853
4)1865
142
When did Chadwick publish his report
1842
143
How many people died in the 1853 cholera epidemic
53,000
144
When was the first Public Health Act
1848
145
What board was set up after the 1848 Public Health Act
Board of Health
146
When did John Snow investigate cholera
1853-1854
147
When was the Great Stink
1858
148
When did Bazalgette start building sewerage systems
1859
149
How many miles of sewers did Bazalgette build
1300
150
When did Bazalgette's sewer system finally open
1865
151
How many million bricks did Bazalgette use for his sewer system
318 million
152
How many gallons of dirty water were pumped out of Bazalgette's system a day
420
153
How much money did the government give to Bazalgette for the sewer system
£3 million
154
How many more men were allowed to vote after the Second Reform Act in 1867
1 million
155
What act was passed in 1867
Second Reform Act
156
When was the Second Reform act passed?
1867
157
When did the government form the Local Government board
1871
158
Whose government passed the 1875 Public Health Act
Benjamin Disraeli
159
When was the second Public Health Act passed
1875
160
What other act was also passed in 1875
Artisans Dwelling Act
161
Who invented X-Rays and when
William Rontgen
1895
162
Who invented the more reliable X-ray, what was it called and when was it invented?
William Coolidge
Coolidge Tube
1913
163
Who developed mobile X-ray units and when
Marie Curie
1914
164
Who discovered blood groups and when
Karl Landsteiner
1900
165
Who found that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting and when
Albert Hustin
1914
166
When was the first ever blood depot set up and at what battle
1917
Battle of Cambrai
167
When was the National Blood Transfusion service established
1946
168
Who set up a plastic surgery unit for the British Army in WW1
Harold Gillies
169
What piece of equipment did Gillies create
Pedicle tube
170
Who was Gillies' assistant who carried on plastic surgery in WW2
Archibald McIndoe
171
What bacteria did Fleming see was killing many soldiers
Staphylococcal bacteria
172
What antiseptic substance did Fleming realise was found in tears and when
Lysozyme
1922
173
When did Fleming see that the colonies around the fungal mould had stopped growing (by chance)
1928
174
What fungus did Fleming identify on the staphylococci
Penicillium notatum
175
When did Fleming publish his findings about penicillin
1929-1931
176
What university did Florey work at and when did they make a breakthrough in Penicillin
Oxford
1938-1940
177
What technique did Ernst Chain use to purify penicillin
Freeze drying
178
When did the US government give grants to businesses manufacturing penicillin (month)
December 1941
179
When did British businesses start mass producing penicillin
1943
180
When did Fleming, Florey and Chain win the Nobel Prize
1945
181
How many lives did Penicillin save (%)
15%
182
When and where was chemical industries booming
Late 1800's
Britain, Switzerland, Germany, US
183
4 drugs produced in the late 19th and 20th centurues
Aspirin (1899)
Insulin (1921)
Sulphonamides (1932)
Penicillin (1928)
184
When was aspirin developed
1899
185
When was insulin developed
1921
186
When was sulphonamides developed
1932
187
When did pharmacists develop AZT (a drug for HIV)
1987
188
When did the SARS virus break out and where
2002
China
189
What drug was released without thorough testing and when
Thalidomide
1950's
190
When was the Committee on Safety of Drugs set up
1963
191
How many people die as a result of antibiotic resistance a year
25,000
192
When was the first successful transplant of the cornea of the eye performed
1905
193
When was the first successful heart transplant and by whom
1967
Christiaan Barnard
194
Which scientists discovered radiation and when
Marie and Pierre Curie
1896-1898
195
In which decade were lasers developed and in which decade were they used in medicine
1950's
1980's
196
What type of camera allows you to see inside a human
Endoscope
197
2 types of alternative therapies
Acupuncture
Homeopathy
198
What surgery investigates pain, infertility and removing cysts
Keyhole surgery
199
2 reports written in very late 1800s-1900s
Booth report
Rowntree report
200
What was Charles Booth's report called and when did he write it
Life and Labour of the People in London
1889
201
What percentage of Londoners lived in severe poverty according to Booth's report
30%
202
What was Seebohm Rowntree's report called and when did he write it
Poverty, a Study of Town Life
1901
203
What percentage of people in York lived without basic food or housing according to Rowntree's report
28%
204
When did the Boer War break out
1899
205
What percentage of people were physically unfit according to army officers during the Boer War
40%
206
Who was chancellor when the Liberal reforms were passed
David Lloyd George
207
When were free school meals introduced
1906
208
When did local education authorities give school children free medical inspections
1907
209
When were old age pensions introduced for people over 70
1908
210
When were labour exchanges introduced to help people find work
1909
211
When was the National Insurance Act passed
1911
212
When were new council homes built (before WW2)
1920's and 1930's
213
How many homes did the government build after WW2 and between what years
800,000
1945-1951
214
When was the New Towns Act passed
1946
215
How many people were rehoused after living in slums
2 million
216
What report was written detailing the specific standards of homes and when
'Homes for Today and Tomorrow'
1961
217
When did Beveridge release his report
1942
218
What were the 5 giants Beveridge detailed
Want
Disease
Ignorance
Squalor
Idleness
219
When was the National Insurance Act passed
1946
220
When was the NHS established
1948
221
Who was the Labour Minister for Health
Aneurin Bevan
222
Up until 1948, how many people had never seen a doctor in Britain
8 million
223
How many doctors were asked their opinion and how many out of those were against it
45,000 asked
41,000 against
224
What happened to the amount of doctors between 1948 and 1973
They doubled
225
What did life expectancy increase to for men and women by 2011
Women: 66 to 83
Men: 64 to 79
226
What was the NHS' budget in 2015/16
£116 billion
227
How many people said they were satisfied with the NHS in 2015 (%)
60%
228
Who said that germs spontaneously generated
Charlton Bastion
229
What war fuelled Pasteur and Koch's rivalry and when was it from
Franco-Prussian War
1870-1871
230
An example of a hospital in Medieval England and how many beds it had
St Leonard's in York
250 beds
231
How many patients did Harold Gillies treat
2000
232
How many copies of the Beveridge report were sold
600,000
