Medicine, Medeival and renaissance

Question 1

Name the four humours?

Answer 1

• yellow bile
• black bile
• phlegm
• Blood

Question 2

What did the medieval public believe caused illness?

Answer 2

God- it was a sign of gods punishment
Bad smell- miasma
Supernatural- witches
Four humours

Question 3

What did hippocrates believe caused illness?

Answer 3

He created ideas that the four humours needed to be balanced for a person to be healthy. He believed all illnesses had a natural cause, and was the first to use clinical observation to look at the body collectively.

Question 4

What did Galen believe caused illness?

Answer 4

Galen developed the skill of anatomy and used it to dissect animals. He was heavily associated with the church.

Question 5

Which of the two doctors had more public attention?

Answer 5

Galen: Galen worked with the church in order for his work to reach a greater audience, he was also catholic. Hippocrates only spread through books as his beliefs were not supported by the church resulting in Galen getting more attention.

Question 6

Weaknesses of both doctors?

Answer 6

Galen: spread wrong ideas, hesitant in how far he’d go in anatomy
Hippocrates: wasn’t church supported, ideas weren’t spread

Question 7

Name some practices used by barber surgeons?

Answer 7

• bloodletting
• amputations
• tooth extraction
• cupping therapy

Question 8

Define what wise women were?

Answer 8

Often midwifes who would treat patients with herbs and would participate in teeth extraction and mental healing. We’re mainly for poorer people.

Question 9

What are monasteries?

Answer 9

Monasteries are/were churches built in the countryside where people go to spiritual healing, in the medieval times, many would just go to a ‘Doctor’ for medical help or the other medical healers. Monasteries were church funded and much cleaner than those of the hospitals.

Question 10

What were some Islamic ideas about medicine?

Answer 10

Islamic hospitals were set up to ‘treat the patients rather than just care for them’, something that the church were allegedly doing.

Question 11

What did medieval people believe caused the Black Death?

Answer 11

• Jews
• The alignment of stars
• Gods punishment

Question 12

What were the ‘cures for the Black Death?

Answer 12

The people believed that drinking mercury would cure, a shaved chicken across the buboes. Some relatively normal ones were quarantine and evacuation.

Question 13

Symptoms of the Black Death?

Answer 13

• lumps on the groin or armpits

- livid black spots on arms or thighs

Question 14

How many died from the Black Death?

Answer 14

38,000 Londoners

2 million people

Question 15

What caused the Black Death?

Answer 15

A bacteria named yersinia petsis was potent in fleas and rats, they would travel through trade routes and into England. Where the disease spread.

Question 16

What were some catholic thought ideas of curing a disease?

Answer 16

• whipping
• praying
• pilgrimage

Question 17

What were some of the harshest treatments in medieval England?

Answer 17

Cauterisation- place burning iron onto a wound
Treppaning- drill into head to get rid of a so called demon
Amputation

Question 18

What time period was medieval medicine?

Answer 18

In the 12th century

Question 19

What time period was the renaissance?

Answer 19

14th to the 17th century

Question 20

What was founded in early renaissance?

Answer 20

• the microscope was founded and allowed printing of books
• art was developed into describing the human body, leonardo da Vinci was key in the development of anatomy
• opium, lemon and lime could treat scurvy and tobacco could cure toothache.

Question 21

What were the main illnesses people had in the renaissance?

Answer 21

• fever teeth (molars closing in could lead them to explode)
• gripping in the guts
• convulsions

Question 22

Who was the Belgian doctor who developed new ideas, what were they?

Answer 22

Andreas Vesalius, created novels like the ‘fabric of the human body’ where he would describe how organs work. Believed galesa work was false as he used dissections on animals. Developed medicine on the skeleton, muscles, nerves and veins.

Question 23

Name the french, Scottish and English doctors that were Significant in developing medicine

Answer 23

• ambroise pare
• John Hunter
• William Harvey

Question 24

What was ambroise pare’s main discoveries?

Answer 24

Thought gunshot wounds were not poisonous and that they then had to be burnt

Though string was a better way of amputation. Ligatures not cauterisation

Question 25

What were some strengths and weaknesses of pare?

Answer 25

S: used vesalius’ ideas to work to improve upon anatomy
W: ideas about using burning oil was wrong

Question 26

What were John hunters main discoveries?

Answer 26

Sexually transmitted diseases by giving himself syphilis

Wrote books on anatomy

Had over 3000 specimens

Question 27

What were some strengths and weaknesses of Hunter?

Answer 27

S: discovered sexually transmitted diseases, trained doctors like, Edward Jenner. Also created new anatomy ideas.
W: grave robber

Question 28

What were some of William Harvey’s main discoveries?

Answer 28

Blood circulates around the body. And the heart is the organ that drives blood

Dismisses the theory that the liver is responsible for the blood

Question 29

What were some strengths and weaknesses of William harvey?

Answer 29

S: discovered that the heart is the major organ in the body, book describing it got attention.
W: criticised, called a quack by many.

Question 30

What is smallpox?

Answer 30

Smallpox was common around the renaissance, many had it, and couldn’t cure it. Buboes were on the body, permanent scars, and intense fever.

Question 31

Who discovered the vaccine?

Answer 31

Edward Jenner.

Question 32

How was smallpox treated before the vaccine?

Answer 32

They used inoculation as if it would permanently prevent the disease, they were starved and had scabs blew up your nose to inhale it. People were also quarantined in a stable.

Question 33

How could you cure smallpox?

Answer 33

The answer was cowpox, milk maids had smallpox but because they were working with the cows, it went. Jenner attempted it on a young boy with smallpox and it went well, it was cured.

Question 34

Why were people against the vaccination?

Answer 34

One reason people slowly developed an appeal against vaccination was because it was ‘wrong to use material off cows’ and in fact, hepatitis and syphilis could be acquired through vaccination.

Question 35

What year was the great plague?

Answer 35

1665-1666

Question 36

What was believed to have stopped the plague?

Answer 36

The great fire of London.

Question 37

How was the disease spread?

Answer 37

The disease started in China, fleas had attached onto rats and had made it to England, where people couldn’t do much to prevent it.

Question 38

How did people react to the plague?

Answer 38

The rich had fled to the country, the poor had to stay in the streets, some people were quarantined and some were sent to hospitals where it only got worse. Eventually people were left to pray for the disease to go, and in 1666 it did.

Question 39

What are some similarities and differences between the Black Death and the Great Plague?

Answer 39

S: the same bacteria, travelled through the same animals. Praying and herbal remedies.
D: pneumonic and bubonic, plague doctors were introduced.

Question 40

What were some symptoms of the plague?

Answer 40

Buboes appear, extreme fever, blotches over the body and rashings. Deaths occurred from the buboes bursting.

Question 41

What were some causes of the plague?

Answer 41

• Bad air
• God and astrology
• stray animals

Question 42

Treatments of the plague?

Answer 42

• praying
• herbal remedies
• bloodletting and quarantine