Medicine Through Time Flashcards
(42 cards)
What problem did Mary Seacole face wheb she applied to be a nurse in the War department in London?
She w as turned away. she was under no illusion that thsi was because of her colour.
What is prejudice?
A preconceived idea or view about someone before knowing what that person is like.
What is the ‘germ theory of disease’ ?
Formed in mid 1860s, outlined the discovery that heat could be used to kill bacteria that were present without liquids.
What did Louis Pasteur use to test his theory?
He worked out that heated wine and beer to 57 degrees celcius did not become contaminated by micro organisms.
What is the process of heating foods to kill harmful bacteria known as?
Pasteurisation.
What temperature is milk heated to nowadays?
72 degrees celcius for 15 minutes. Can stay in a fridge for up to 2 weeks.
Temperatures are much hiher than in Pasteur’s days.
What is UHT?
Ultra High Temperature - heated to 150 degrees celcius for15 minutes. Shelf life of seversl months outside of a fridge.
What vaccine did Pasteur create?
The rabies vaccine in 1885
Which biomedical research facility was opened in 1888?
The Pasteur Institute in France
What is a vaccine?
Treatment which helps the body fight a disease.
What is the meaning of ‘immune’ ?
Bodies ability to defend itself against infection.
What is a ‘microbiologist’?
A person who studies micro-organisms.
in what century did scientists begin to experiment with ananesthetics to put patients to sleep?
Early 19th century
What was the first gas used?
Laughing gas.
What was laughing gas used for?
Pulling teeth.
In 1846, what was the first gas used in America?
Ether
Who first used ‘ether’ in London?
Robert Liston in London
In 1847 James Simpson was the first to use what successfully?
chloroform
What happened in the ‘Black period of surgery’?
The death rate rose as surgeons took more time and attempted more difficult surgery with the use of chloroform.
What did patients die from durig the black period of surgery?
-doctors didn’t wash hands
-coughed over patients
-wore bloody aprons as a badge of honour
What did Johh Snow develope in the 1850s?
An inhaler which regulated the dosage of chloroform
What did Joseph Lister discover in 1867?
Carbolic spray - effective in stopping wounds getting gangrene
Until the acceptance of germ theory in the 1860s, surgeons did not take precautions to protect open wounds. They did not wash their hands or sterilse equipment.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
in the later part of the 19th century there were other developmentd which reduced death rate.
List 2
- cleanliness and nursing care improved when Florence Nightingale retiurned to the UK
- aseptic surgery reduced risk of infection
- x-rays allowed surgeons to look before operating
