Medicine Through Time Flashcards
To learn key words and key people from the Medicine through time syllabus. (173 cards)
1
Q
Prehistory
A
The time before writing existed. Before 3000B.C
2
Q
Ancient
A
After writing was developed – Egypt, Greece and Rome. 3000B.C-500A.D
3
Q
Medieval
A
After the collapse of Rome. 500A.D – 1500A.D
4
Q
Renaissance
A
Meaning ‘rebirth’ of learning. From 1500-1750A.D.
5
Q
Industrial
A
The growth of factories in towns when people moved from farming to manufacturing (making things). 1750-1900.
6
Q
20th Century
A
1900s
7
Q
19th Century
A
1800s
8
Q
18th Century
A
1700s
9
Q
animism
A
The belief that illness came from evil spirits.
10
Q
trephining
A
A surgical technique in which a bore hole is cut into the skull.
11
Q
archaeology
A
The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains.
12
Q
immunity
A
When the body builds up a resistance to certain bacterial diseases and viruses.
13
Q
Aboriginals
A
The people native to Australia.
14
Q
American Indians
A
The people native to North America.
15
Q
Shamans
A
Someone who has access to the spirit world.
16
Q
sewers
A
A system to dispose of human waste in a living space.
17
Q
witch-doctors
A
A magician credited with the powers of healing.
18
Q
channel theory
A
Egyptian theory of how the body worked, based on their knowledge of the irrigation of farmers fields.
19
Q
hieroglyphs
A
Egyptian writing system.
20
Q
irrigation
A
A system to move water from a river to the farmers’ fields.
21
Q
hygiene
A
Keeping clean and healthy.
22
Q
mummified
A
A dead body that has been embalmed and wrapped.
23
Q
papyri
A
Egyptian Medical Texts written on papyrus paper made of reeds
24
Q
Ebers Papyrus
A
A famous Egyptian medical text.
25
surgical instruments
Equipment used in surgery.
26
diagnosis
Recognising a medical problem with a patient.
27
examination
Studying a patient to work out what is wrong.
28
prognosis
Predicting what will happen in the future of a persons’ illness.
29
Public Health
A system to protect the health of a whole population.
30
cautery
A hot iron or boiling oil, used to stop bleeding wounds.
31
empirical
Based on a scientific method of working things out.
32
priest
A religious leader.
33
progressive
Going forward and making advances
34
regressive
Not going forward, perhaps going backwards.
35
4 humours
Greek Theory of how the body worked.
36
Hippocrates
Famous Greek doctor.
37
dissect
To cut open a dead body.
38
phlegm
One of the four humours.
| Cold and Wet – winter
39
black bile
One of the four humours
| Cold and dry – autumn
40
yellow bile
One of the four humours.
| Hot and dry – summer
41
blood
One of the four humours.
| Hit and wet – spring
42
opposites
Galen’s theory of balancing the humours.
43
clinical
Related to a clinic, a medical practice.
44
Asclepion
A Greek temple-hospital; a place to treat the sick. Devoted to the God of Health Asclepius.
45
Hygeia
The daughter of Asclepius.
46
Panacea
The daughter of Asclepius.
47
aqueducts
Roman system of water transportation.
48
Galen
Famous Roman doctor.
49
corpses
Dead bodies.
50
nervous system
The system of electrical messages inside the body, controlled by the brain.
51
astrology
The study of the sky and the stars.
52
septum
The wall between the two sides of the heart, according to Galen this had holes in it.
53
superstition
Belief in the supernatural.
54
supernatural
Unnatural beings – such as gods and spirits.
55
Ibn Sina
Famous Arabic doctor who challenged Galen.
56
Arabic
Language of the Arab world.
57
Leeches
Animals, used to suck blood out of people.
58
Edward Jenner
British country doctor from Gloucester who discovered vaccination.
59
Ambroise Pare
French army-surgeon who stopped using cauterisation and started using ligatures.
60
William Harvey
British surgeon who proved that the heart is a pump and circulates blood around the body.
61
bubonic plague
Plague spread by rats and fleas.
62
pneumonic plague
Plague spread from person to person.
63
Black Death
The plague in 1348-1350 that killed 33% of the European population.
64
amputation
Cutting off a limb because it is infected or wounded.
65
Paracelsus
Swiss-German Renaissance physician.
66
stagnation
Not going forward or backwards in terms of learning and development.
67
anatomy
Knowledge of the parts of the human body.
68
physiology
Knowledge of how the body works.
69
germs
Microbes that cause infection.
70
bezoar
Stone-like mass that develops inside the body.
71
spermatic vessels
Produced in the testicles.
72
circulation
Blood moves around the body in this way.
73
Thomas Sydenham
Master of the English medical world in mid 1600s; Known as the English Hippocrates; fought for Parliament during the English Civil War. Discovered Sydenhams Chorea.
74
Nicholas Culpeper
An English herbalist who wrote a book about herbs called the Complete Herbal which had a lot of detail about herbal medicine.
75
syphilis
A sexually transmitted disease.
76
contagious
A disease which can spread from person to person.
77
septicaemia
Blood poisoning.
78
poultice
The potion created by Pare of egg yolks, rose oil and turpentine.
79
laudanum
A painkiller developed from opium poppies.
80
scrofula
Belief that a touch from a royal could cure disease.
81
antidote
A cure for a disease or illness.
82
vaccination
The use of ‘cowpox’ to create immunity from ‘smallpox’ in people.
83
inoculation
The use of a small dose of a disease to create immunity from a more dangerous infection later.
84
barber-surgeon
A surgeon in the medieval and early modern period.
85
country doctors
Doctors who worked in the countryside.
86
quacks
Quack doctors were fake doctors who were more interested in making money than treating people. They would travel around the country and perform operations like ‘tooth-pulling’ at fares.
87
wise women
Each village had a wise woman who treated patients with herbal remedies. If she got it wrong she could be accused of being a witch.
88
apothecaries
These were like medieval and early modern pharmacists – they could make and sell medicine, but they were not supposed to prescribe it or treat patients although many did.
89
industry
The development of factories during the 18th and 19th centuries.
90
evolution
The theory that animals develop from more primitive states to more advanced states.
91
genetics
The study of genes, heredity and variation in living organisms.
92
William Beaumont
(America: 1822) studied the digestive system of Alexis St Martin, a Canadian who had an open hole into his stomach.
93
Henry Gray
(Scotland: 1858) wrote 'Gray's Anatomy', which had over 1,000 illustrations. Many people bought a copy to own at home. After the 1870s, pupils started studying anatomy in schools.
94
Starling and Bayliss
(England: 1902) discovered the first hormone.
95
Casimir Funk
(Poland: 1912) discovered the first vitamins, and realised that some diseases were caused simply by poor diet.
96
Theodor Schwann
(Germany: 1839) realised that animal matter was made up of cells, not 'humours'. This was the vital breakthrough of knowledge that at last destroyed belief in the old 'humoral' pathology of the Greeks.
97
Robert Koch
(Germany: 1878), who discovered how to stain and grow bacteria in a Petri dish (named after his assistant Julius Petri). He was thus able to find which bacteria caused which diseases:
septicaemia (1878)
TB (1882)
cholera (1883).
98
Patrick Manson
(Britain: 1876) discovered that elephantiasis was caused by a nematode worm, and that mosquitoes were the vector (carrier). This was a breakthrough discovery, because researchers soon found out that other tropical diseases were transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes (malaria and yellow fever) or tsetse flies (sleeping sickness).
99
Charles Chamberland
Worked with Louis Pasteur and developed the Chamberland-Pasteur filter to rid a solution of bacteria in 1884.
100
Louis Pasteur
A French scientist who developed Germ Theory in the 1860s after studying how microbes cause decay in organic matter.
101
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Dutch scientist known as the ‘father of microbiology’ for his additions to and popularization of the microscope in the late 17th and early 18th century.
102
Crawford Long
1815-1878: American surgeon best known for his use of ether as an anaesthetic.
103
Horace Wells
1815-1848: American dentist who used laughing gas as an anaesthetic.
104
Lady Grace Mildmay
1552-1620: English diarist and medical practitioner who practiced on her family and left a record of extensive medical cures and treatments.
105
Jean de Vigo
1450s-1520: Spanish Renaissance surgeon best known for his early work on the surgery related to gunshot wounds.
106
Robert Liston
1794-1847: was a pioneering Scottish surgeon. Liston was noted for his skill in an era prior to anaesthetics, when speed made a difference in terms of pain and survival
107
James Simpson
1811-1870: Scottish doctor and pioneer of the use of chloroform as an anaesthetic.
108
Carl Koller
1857-1944: Austrian surgeon who used cocaine as a local anaesthetic for eye surgery.
109
Ignaz Semmelweiss
1818-1865: Austrian-Hungarian physician known for his early work in antiseptic surgery
110
Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale: 1820 - 1910 was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War (1850s), where she tended to wounded soldiers.
111
Mary Seacole
Mary Jane Seacole 1805-1881: A Jamaican-born woman of Scottish and Creole descent who set up a 'British Hotel' behind the lines during the Crimean War (1850s).
112
Joseph Lister
1827-1912: British surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery using carbolic spray and sterilised catgut ligatures.
113
WS Halstead
1852-1922: American surgeon who used a strict anti-sceptic technique.
114
transfusions
Transferring blood from person to person to save lives.
115
clotting
Blood turning solid.
116
Karl Landsteiner
Austrian physician and biologist who discovered blood groups in 1901 and with others identified Rhesus factors in 1937.
117
anaesthetic
Used to reduce pain during surgery.
118
antiseptic
Used to kill infections in wounds
119
Crimean War
War between Britain and France on one side and Russia in the 1850s.
120
World War 1
Major war between 1914 and 1918
121
World War 2
Major war between 1939 and 1945
122
penicillin
The first anti-biotic. To kill harmful microbes in the body.
123
cholera
A deadly water-borne disease.
124
Elizabeth Blackwell
1821-1910: The first woman to receive a medical degree in the USA, she promoted the medical education of women in the UK and USA.
125
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
1836-1917: The first woman to qualify as a physician and surgeon in Britain.
126
Sophia Jex-Blake
1840-1912: One of the first women to become a qualified physician in the UK. A leading campaigner for women’s medical education in the UK.
127
Alexander Flemming
Discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928 for which he received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.
128
Howard Florey
Australian pharmacologist who carried out the first clinical trial of Penicillin and received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his contribution.
129
Sir Ernst Boris Chain
Worked with Florey and Flemming to develop Penicillin and received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his efforts.
130
epidemic
The spread of a disease amongst a population.
131
IVF
In vitro fertilization – a process where a human egg is fertilized outside of the body.
132
stem cells
Basic human cells that can translate into specialised cells in the body to replace cells that are lost.
133
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
134
electron microscope
Co invented in 1931 in Germany, this microscope uses electricity to speed electrons up and create a high resolution image of the target cells.
135
testosterone
Primary male sex hormone – found mainly in the testicles.
136
Oestrogen
Primary female sex hormones.
137
histamine
A compound involved in local immune responses inside the human body.
138
keyhole surgery
Minimally invasive surgery which often uses TV to project images of a small area inside patients’ body.
139
transplant
Moving an organ from one body to another.
140
open-heart surgery
Surgery on the heart that keeps the heart open to operate on the internal structures.
141
plastic surgery
Corrective surgery to make good the form and function of bodily parts.
142
neurosurgeon
Surgery that focuses on the nervous system, including the brain, spine or nerves.
143
viral infections
Infections from viruses that are small infectious agents that can only live in the cells of living things – they are not alive themselves.
144
genetic engineering
Changing the characteristics of an animal by altering its DNA.
145
pacemakers
Artificial machines inserted into the chest to regulate a person’s heartbeat.
146
incubators
A device used to care for babies after they are born.
147
polio vaccine
A vaccine used to defend against the deadly and debilitating disease polio.
148
hormones
Biochemicals in animals that are used to coordinate physiological activity.
149
thalidomide
A drug. Given to women to women to help with morning sickness during pregnancy but it caused horrible birth defects in their babies.
150
contraception
Something which is used to stop fertilization of human eggs during sexual intercourse.
151
antihistamine
Bio-chemicals that are transported around the body to regulate physiology.
152
antibiotic
A drug that can be used to fight bacterial infections in the body.
153
insulin
A hormone used to regulate carbohydrate and fat intake in the body.
154
vitamins
Organic compounds required by living organisms in their diet.
155
inequality
The gap between the rich and the poor.
156
NHS
The National Health Service, founded in 1948 in the UK.
157
Aneurin Bevan
Secretary of State for Health who introduced the NHS in 1948.
158
Welfare State
A state that provides for its people, for example in healthcare, education, housing, unemployment benefit.
159
sanitation
Hygienic means of promoting human health through prevention human contact with hazards and wastes.
160
'From the cradle to the grave'
The call that Aneurin Bevan made to look after people for their whole lives.
161
B.C
Before Christ - the years before Jesus was born, 2014 years ago.
162
A.D
Anno Domini - Latin for 'the year of our lord' meaning the years after Jesus was born. 1A.D - 2014A.D
163
miasma
The belief that bad air or a bad atmosphere caused illness.
164
laissez-faire
A 'hands-off' approach to the economy and government. Not getting involved.
165
small government
A government that is laissez-faire. Not involved. Low taxes but no free education, healthcare, pensions or unemployment benefit.
166
big government
A government that sets taxes high but provides free education, healthcare, pensions, unemployment benefits.
167
Edwin Chadwick
Wrote a report in 1842 on the poor sanitary conditions of the working class population in England.
168
squalid conditions
Horrible working and living conditions. damp/dark/dangerous/dirty.
169
slums
The cheap housing areas of the working class, usually cramped together, dirty and unsanitary. E.g back-to-backs.
170
Back-to-backs
Slum housing for working class in Birmingham.
171
Great Stink
Name for the smell coming from the River Thames during the Industrial Revolution whilst it was heavily polluted.
172
Vested interests
The interests of the rich classes in the countryside and industrial classes in the cities. Concerned with money and profit rather than the rights of the poor classes.
173
Tax
Money paid to the government from people's earnings; from sales of goods and services etc...
