Medicine through time revision

Question 1

Who was Hippocrates?

Answer 1

Ancient Greek doctor who developed the Theory of the Four Humours.

Question 2

What was Galen known for?

Answer 2

Roman doctor who expanded Hippocrates’ ideas and developed the Theory of Opposites.

Question 3

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

Answer 3

Renaissance anatomist who corrected many of Galen’s mistakes using human dissection.

Question 4

Who was William Harvey?

Answer 4

Discovered circulation of the blood and the role of the heart as a pump.

Question 5

Who was Edward Jenner?

Answer 5

Created the first vaccine, for smallpox, using cowpox in 1796.

Question 6

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Answer 6

Revolutionised hospital cleanliness and nursing during the Crimean War.

Question 7

Who was James Simpson?

Answer 7

Discovered chloroform as an effective anaesthetic.

Question 8

Who was Joseph Lister?

Answer 8

Used carbolic acid as an antiseptic to reduce surgical infection.

Question 9

Who was John Snow?

Answer 9

Linked cholera to contaminated water during the 1854 outbreak in London.

Question 10

Who was Louis Pasteur?

Answer 10

Disproved spontaneous generation and created the Germ Theory.

Question 11

Who was Robert Koch?

Answer 11

Identified specific microbes that caused diseases like cholera and tuberculosis.

Question 12

Who was Alexander Fleming?

Answer 12

Discovered penicillin by accident in 1928.

Question 13

Who were Florey and Chain?

Answer 13

Mass produced penicillin during WWII with US government funding.

Question 14

Who was Aneurin Bevan?

Answer 14

Founded the NHS in 1948.

Question 15

What is the Theory of the Four Humours?

Answer 15

Belief that illness was caused by imbalance of blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile.

Question 16

What was the Theory of Opposites?

Answer 16

Galen’s idea to treat illness with the opposite of symptoms (e.g., hot for cold).

Question 17

What was the Germ Theory?

Answer 17

Louis Pasteur’s theory that microbes cause disease.

Question 18

What was the Black Death?

Answer 18

A devastating plague in 1348-49 killing about a third of England’s population.

Question 19

How did people react to the Black Death?

Answer 19

Some prayed, others blamed miasma or Jews, flagellants whipped themselves.

Question 20

How were hospitals different in the Middle Ages?

Answer 20

Run by the Church, focused on care not cure.

Question 21

What was the impact of the printing press?

Answer 21

Allowed new medical ideas to spread faster.

Question 22

What was the Royal Society?

Answer 22

An organisation that promoted scientific experimentation and discussion.

Question 23

Why did opposition to anaesthetics exist?

Answer 23

Some thought pain was sent by God; chloroform was initially risky.

Question 24

What was the Public Health Act of 1848?

Answer 24

Allowed towns to improve sanitation but was not compulsory.

Question 25

What was the Public Health Act of 1875?

Answer 25

Made it compulsory for local councils to improve public health.

Question 26

What was the significance of the NHS?

Answer 26

Provided free healthcare to all from 1948.

Question 27

What were the problems of surgery before antiseptics?

Answer 27

Infection, pain, and blood loss were major risks.

Question 28

How did war help develop medicine?

Answer 28

Encouraged development of mobile x-rays, plastic surgery, and blood transfusion.

Question 29

What was the significance of the Western Front?

Answer 29

Medical advances in infection control, triage, and surgery during WWI.

Question 30

Plan a 16-mark question on Edward Jenner's significance

Answer 30

Intro: introduced vaccination Para 1: immediate impact (limited understanding) Para 2: long-term influence (eradication of smallpox) Para 3: opposition and support (public, church, gov) Conclusion: highly significant despite early opposition.

Question 31

Plan a 16-mark question on the role of the Church in medicine

Answer 31

Intro: Church was powerful in medieval times Para 1: preserved knowledge, ran hospitals Para 2: hindered progress (supported Galen, opposed dissection) Para 3: lost influence after Renaissance Conclusion: both helped and hindered.

Question 32

Plan a 16-mark question on the significance of the Germ Theory

Answer 32

Intro: major turning point Para 1: changed understanding of disease Para 2: impact on public health and vaccines Para 3: opposition at first Conclusion: crucial shift in medical thinking.

Question 33

Plan a 16-mark question on why surgery improved in the 19th century

Answer 33

Intro: multiple reasons Para 1: anaesthetics (Simpson) Para 2: antiseptics (Lister) Para 3: improved training and technology Conclusion: combination of factors.

Question 34

Plan a 16-mark question on the importance of war to medical progress

Answer 34

Intro: war accelerated progress Para 1: new injuries and need for surgery Para 2: improved organisation (triage) Para 3: development of penicillin, blood transfusions Conclusion: war sped up innovation.

Question 35

Who was Tsar Nicholas II?

Answer 35

The last Tsar of Russia, overthrown in 1917.

Question 36

Who was Rasputin?

Answer 36

A mystic who influenced the Tsarina and weakened the monarchy's reputation.

Question 37

Who was Lenin?

Answer 37

Leader of the Bolsheviks, led the October 1917 Revolution.

Question 38

Who was Trotsky?

Answer 38

Lenin’s ally and leader of the Red Army.

Question 39

Who was Stalin?

Answer 39

Dictator of the USSR after Lenin, used terror and propaganda.

Question 40

Who was Kerensky?

Answer 40

Leader of the Provisional Government in 1917.

Question 41

Who was Bukharin?

Answer 41

Supported NEP, later executed in Stalin’s purges.

Question 42

What was the Red Terror?

Answer 42

Campaign of arrests and executions by Bolsheviks during Civil War.

Question 43

What was the NEP?

Answer 43

Lenin's New Economic Policy - a temporary retreat from communism.

Question 44

What were the Five-Year Plans?

Answer 44

Stalin’s plans to industrialise the USSR rapidly.

Question 45

What was collectivisation?

Answer 45

Forced pooling of farms to produce more food for the state.

Question 46

What was the Great Terror?

Answer 46

Stalin’s purges of party members, military, and ordinary people.

Question 47

What were the show trials?

Answer 47

Public trials of Stalin’s enemies to justify executions.

Question 48

What was the cult of personality?

Answer 48

Stalin promoted himself as an infallible leader.

Question 49

Plan a 16-mark question on why the Bolsheviks won the Civil War

Answer 49

Intro: many factors Para 1: Trotsky’s leadership Para 2: White disunity Para 3: control of key areas, propaganda Conclusion: better organisation key.

Question 50

Plan a 16-mark question on the impact of collectivisation

Answer 50

Intro: designed to increase food and control Para 1: human cost and famine Para 2: effect on production Para 3: political control and ideology Conclusion: devastating human cost but strengthened Stalin.

Question 51

Plan a 16-mark question on opposition to the Tsar

Answer 51

Intro: opposition grew over time Para 1: failures in WWI Para 2: economic and social discontent Para 3: role of Rasputin and loss of trust Conclusion: wide-scale opposition led to abdication.