Medieval Europe Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
What dates did Medieval Europe span?
A
500-1500 (CE)
2
Q
Medieval comes from the latin word: medium aevum meaning middle ages. Why is it referred to as the middle ages?
A
It was the period of time between ancient and modern times
3
Q
What happened in the Early Middle Ages?
A
The Roman Empire began to collapse and separate states were established
4
Q
What is another term for the Middle Ages?
A
The Dark Ages
5
Q
What happened in the High Medieval Ages?
A
Rapid growth and increased farming
6
Q
When did the Christian Church split into East and West?
A
1054 CE
7
Q
Where was the Eastern church located?
A
Constantinople
8
Q
Where was the western church located?
A
Rome
9
Q
What did the Western Church do?
A
Called its followers to fight in the Crusades
10
Q
When were the Crusades?
A
1095-1291
11
Q
What happened in the Late Middle Ages?
A
Wars, famine and the Black Death
12
Q
What was the main system of governance in Medieval Europe
A
Feudalism
13
Q
The monarch gave land to…
A
his tenants-in-chief (nobles and bishops)
14
Q
The tenants-in-chief provided the lord with…
A
loyalty and military support
15
Q
The tenants in chief gave land to…
A
sub-tenants-in-chief (knights and lesser clergy)
16
Q
The tenants in chief recieved…. from subtenants in chief?
A
fighting, praying and protecting the tenants in chief’s property
17
Q
The subtenants allocated land to
A
the peasantry
18
Q
What did the peasantry own
A
Nothing
19
Q
The peasantry repaid the subtenants by..
A
working on their land and paying taxes (crops)
20
Q
Who introduced feudalism?
A
Charlemagne (9th century France)
21
Q
Who introduced feudalism into England?
A
William the Conqueror 1066
22
Q
Magna Carter means
A
Great charter
23
Q
Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?
A
John |
24
Q
What did the Magna Carta state?
A
A king had to respect the law and rule his people based on the law and not his own personal decisions
25
Women were expected to be .... by the Catholic church?
Good daughters, mothers and wives
26
When a women married, she became the property of
her husband
27
Noble men did?
participated in politics, battles, disputes, hunting expeditions and received income from the peasantry
28
Noblewomen were expected to?
Look after her husband's household, looked after the sick and sired heirs
29
Peasant men were expected to
Farm, serve as soldiers and look after his family
30
Peasant women were expected to
help harvest, weave, look after kids and cook
31
Charlemagne ordered the Catholic Church to
provide education to any willing boy
32
What percentage of Europeans were peasants
90%
33
Peasants lived in
small villages near fresh water
34
The village and its surrounding land was called?
the manor
35
The lord's farm land was about
1/3 of the total
36
Every village had .... for peasants to graze their animals
Common
37
The church's land was called
the glebe
38
Peasants lived in
one-two roomed clay huts with thatched roofs, window holes and dirt floors
39
In winter, peasants shared their rooms with
their animals
40
Wealthy people lived in
multi levelled stone castles or manors with tiled floors, multiple rooms and outdoor toilets
41
Three names for the poorest class
peasants, serfs, villeins
42
What system was used to farm land?
Three field system
43
Within 200 years Christianity became a
separate religion
44
In 380 CE, Christianity was
the main religion of the Roman Empire
45
When did Gregory became a Pope
3rd September, 590 CE
46
What did Pope Gregory do?
Spread bishops all over the world, made the church take on the responsibilities of the government, negotiated peace between invaders and made the pope the most important person in the Catholic Church
47
How did Pope Gregory change the church?
Priests had to be celibate and used the church's wealth to spread influence and help people
48
The Pope was considered as
God's representative on Earth
49
Kings and nobles would
fulfil the Pope's wishes and donate large amounts of money and property to the church
50
The Catholic Church controlled around
One third of land in Europe
51
What is canon law?
Laws developed by the church, specifically the Catholic Church
52
People supported the church by
tithe (10% of their crop)
53
People relied on the Church to
explain to them how the world worked
54
People blamed witches for
natural disasters, famine, plague, drought, stillbirth
55
Why would someone convict an innocent woman of witchcraft
jealousy or revenge
56
what does treason mean?
Killing someone in a higher position and being disloyal to the monarch
57
What could the church do if people worked on sundays or holy days?
whip or fine them
58
What was the most serious crime against the church?
heresy, contradicting the church's teachings
59
What happened if villagers saw people breaking the law?
They were expected to all go and catch the criminal
60
How did towns try to prevent lawbreakers?
Imposing curfews at night, tithings, public punishments and corpses
61
What were tithings?
Groups of males who were responsible for keeping each other from breaking the law. If one did, the whole group suffered punishment and fines
62
What happened to legal occupations in the Middle Ages?
Courtrooms and legal professions disappeared
63
Name the four types of trials
Trial by compurgation, ordeal, combat and jury
64
What is trial by compurgation?
12 people had to recite an oath of innocence in behalf on the person - any mistakes would cause the person to be accused as guilty
65
What is trial by combat?
Both people would have to produce a champion (or fight themselves) against the other person. The winner would be proven innocent
66
What is trial by ordeal?
People would ask God for a sign of innocence. During ordeal by water, if the person sank, they were considered innocent. During ordeal by fire, the person had to burn their hand and if they didn't heal in 3 days then they were guilty.
67
What is trial by jury?
12 townspeople were chosen to decide the fate of the person and travelling judges would oversee the punishment if guilty
68
The law offered no protection against
torture
69
Some examples of punishments are:
ducking stool (annoying wife), scold's bridle (gossiping), dragged through the streets (cheating customers), fines (damaged others property), the stocks (humiliating0, whipping or mutilation (harsh punishments),
70
Why was torture or mutilation justified?
It was easier to make the person suffer pain than deprive a family of its source of income
71
What instances was imprisonment used?
Prisoners of war or threats to the monarch
72
What was the punishment for witches?
Burnt alive
73
The penalty for murder or execution was?
public execution (hanging or beheading)
74
How could women delay punishment?
Becoming pregnant
75
How could men and women avoid punishment?
Claiming sanctuary form the church (staying at the church for 40 days, repenting and leaving the country forever)
76
What did armies compromise of?
Knights, squires, soldiers on horseback, infantry and cavalry
77
What were knights?
Warriors on horseback (nobleman)
78
What were squires?
Knights in training that looked after the knight's belongings
79
What were the infantry?
Foot soldiers including archers
80
What were cavalry?
Elite troops on horseback
81
In the eleventh century knight's wore?
Chain mail armour, leather tunics and a coat of arms
82
By the fifteenth century, knights were...
wearing full body armour
83
Knight's weapons compromised of:
shield, sword, lance, spiked metal ball and a dagger
84
The infantry fought with:
axes, javelins and bows
85
English archers favoured the
longbow (1.5-1.8m)
86
A good archer could...
fire an arrow every five seconds and hit targets from 220m away
87
Archers in continental Europe preferred the
crossbow
88
Disadvantages of a crossbow
They were heavier, had shorter range and sometimes needed assistance from other machinery
89
Advantages of a crossbow
Could be learnt in a few short weeks and could protrude a knight's armour
90
What is a siege?
A siege is when an army surrounds an enemy castle trapping its inhabitants inside
91
What were the most effective methods of forcing the inhabitants to surrender?
Starvation and disease
92
Some methods of attacking a castle were:
Battering ram, wooden cover (animal skins), tunnels, trebuchet, ballista, mangonel, belfries , scaling ladder and throwing rotten carcasses
93
Some methods of defending were:
murderhole, portcullis, crenel, ditch, missiles, forked sticks, battlement, merlon, loopohole and batters
94
Roman cities fell into disrepair because people
went to the countryside
95
By the eleventh century, towns ... in size
grew
96
Which three countries had the greatest increase in towns?
Italy, Spain and Flanders
97
People liked to live close to.... because it made them feel more secure
Castles and monasteries
98
The development of more towns created the
bourgeoisie
99
What is the bourgeoisie
The middle class who wanted to trade and control land for their own benefit
100
How could citizens free themselves of feudal duties to their lords?
Gain a town charter from their lord
101
What rights did the town charter give them?
Hold a market, control prices, make and administer laws, elect a mayor/council, the lord would have a market for his crops and weigh/measure good to ensure people were trading honestly
102
Towns and cities were enclosed with walls to
protect themselves at nightfall from invaders and to make merchants pay taxes to trade
103
By late 1100's, most towns had a weekly
market or outdoor stalls
104
List some of the international luxuries bought at the time:
Silks from China, Persia and Syria
Cotton from Egypt and India
Ivory from Ethiopia
Pearls from Persia and Ceylon
105
Wealthy people wanted spices from
the East to flavour food and wines
106
Who needed exotic ingredients for their remedies
Apothecaries
107
Cloth manufacturers relied on... from the East
alum
108
Cloth manufacturers relied on dyes from
India, Sumatra and Indochina
109
Cities like Bristol, Bruges, Genoa, London, Lübeck and Venice had
good access to waterways making them important trading centres
110
The Champagne fairs were to
attract merchants and benefit from their taxes
111
The city of ..... were the first to develop banking and money changing as a business
Genoa
112
Over time, instead of money merchants used
Bills of exchange
113
Banker's disguised loans in various ways as to not appear as to disobey...
the Church's ban on moneylending
114
What was one acceptable currency used throughout all of Europe because of its consistent size and weight
The florin
115
By 1100s ..... was the focus of international trade
Mediterranean Sea
116
In the 13th century, towns along the Baltic and North Sea in Northern Europe established the:
Hanseatic League to protect each other from pirates
117
By the 17th century, which three rivers were Europe's major transport network?
The Rhine, Danube and Rhone
118
Which transport route provided trade between the Mediterranean and Asia?
The Silk Road
119
Until the mid-fifteenth century, which three cities controlled trade with the East?
Venice, Genoa and Constantinople
120
When did the Ottomans take over Constantinople?
1453 CE
121
What did the Ottomans do when they took over Constantinople?
Placed huge taxes on it
122
Western Europeans began to look for new trade routes to the East especially with
India
123
Portuguese and Spanish Explorers began to look for new trade routes?
Around Africa, India and the Americas
124
What were new products unique to the Southern Hemisphere?
Maize, potatoes and tobacco
125
Charlemagne
(747-814)
126
Charlemagne became King of the Franks
768-800
127
Who crowned Charlemagne Emperor?
Pope Leo |||
128
What countries did Charlemagne's empire span?
Belgium, France, Netherlands, Switzerland
| Areas of Austria, Italy, Germany and Spain
129
Charlemagne ordered the death of thousands of people who
opposed his rule or refused to convert to Catholicism
130
Charlemagne ordered:
Everyone to be educated, preservation of ancient texts, encouragement of art, standard language (Latin), standard weights, common writing style, standard money
131
What is Charlemagne known as?
The Father of Europe
132
Charlemagne gave Europe a
common identity/culture
133
Charlemagne's heirs were
lacked his skills and rivalry allowed his empire to fall aprt
134
Eleanor of Aquitaine
(1122-1204)
135
Eleanor was queen of
France and England
136
Eleanor married which French King?
Louis VII for 15 years
137
After her marriage was annulled , Eleanor married which English king?
Henry Plantagenet or King Henry || of England
138
Eleanor had .... many kids with King Henry and which two of them succeeded the throne?
8 kids, Richard and John
139
What happened to Eleanor when she supported her children against her husband?
She was put in jail for 16 years until she was released by her son Richard
140
While Richard fought in the Crusades, Eleanor
ruled England in his stead
141
Joan of Arc
(1412-1431)
142
When Joan was 12, what did the three saints tell her?
That she should drive the English out of French territory and to crown Charles V||| as King
143
In 1429, Joan convinced Louis to let her
ride for France and liberate Orleans
144
Burgundian troops captured Joan on
23 May, 1430
145
Joan was sold to the English who
put her on trial for heresy and burnt her at the stake at 19 years old
146
In 1456, a French court declared Joan
innocent
147
In 1920, the Catholic Church proclaimed Joan of Arc
a saint
