Medieval Medicine

Question 1

Who could you go to for treatment in the Medieval Era?

Answer 1

Local Wise Women
Barber Surgeon
University Trained Doctor
Monastery

Question 2

What treatments were available in the Medieval Era?

Answer 2

Bloodletting
Trepanning
Purging/Vomiting
Amputation
Cauterisation

Question 3

What were the 4 Humours?

Answer 3

Blood
Yellow Bile
Black Bile
Phlegm

Question 4

How is Blood Restored within the Four Humours?

Answer 4

Too Much: Bloodletting

Not Enough: Drinking Red Wine

Question 5

How is Yellow Bile Restored within the Four Humours?

Answer 5

Too Much: Made to Vomit

Not Enough: Eat Cheese

Question 6

How is Black Bile Restored within the Four Humours?

Answer 6

Too Much: Given Laxatives

Not Enough: Eating More Vegetables

Question 7

How is Phlegm Restored within the Four Humours?

Answer 7

Too Much: Breathe in Steam

Not Enough: Eat Fleshy Vegetables

Question 8

How is a Medieval Doctor Trained?

Answer 8

7 Years at University
Listening to Lectures
Learned works of Galen and Hippocrates

Question 9

Barber Surgeons

Answer 9

Performed small operations like Trepanning

Question 10

Wise Women

Answer 10

Used Natural Herbal Remedies, First Aid and Supernatural Cures
Knowledge passed down by word of mouth

Question 11

Bloodletting

Answer 11

Blood is removed from the body by opening a vein or using leeches

Question 12

Trepanning

Answer 12

Drilling into the skull

Used to treat Epilepsy and let the demons out

Question 13

Amputation

Answer 13

Chopping off part of a body

Question 14

Cauterisation

Answer 14

Burning a wound to stop blood flow

Question 15

Natural Causes Of Disease

Answer 15

Clinical Observation

4 Humours

Question 16

Supernatural Causes Of Disease

Answer 16

Position of the Stars

Demons

Question 17

What were the Churches beliefs about illness?

Answer 17

Jesus healed the sick so Christians should look after the sick
G-D sent an illness as a punishment
Curing an illness would challenge G-D’s will
Hippocratic and Galenic ideas were correct
Miraculous healing-encouraged to visit shrines and pray

Question 18

Hospitals run by the Church

Answer 18

1000-1050, over 700 hospitals were built
Places of rest
Had Priests instead of Doctors
Run by Monks/Nuns
Had Clean Water
Kitchens were built away from privies to avoid contamination

Question 19

Who funded the Hospitals?

Answer 19

The Church
Wealthy Patrons
Charity

Question 20

Name 2 Types of Hospitals

Answer 20

Mental Hospitals for the mentally ill

Lazar Houses for those with Leprosy

Question 21

How did Christianity Help Medical Progress?

Answer 21

Taught people it was a religious duty to care for the sick
Church built many hospitals of different types
Funded Universities

Question 22

How did Christianity Hinder Medical Progress?

Answer 22

Didn’t allow dissection
Weren’t allowed to question Galen who was wrong
Couldn’t discover new ideas and could only learn old ones
Didn’t try to treat the patient only care for them

Question 23

Explain the influence of Galen on training and treatment?

Answer 23

Dissected Animals to improve knowledge of human anatomy
Believed in Design Theory (God designed humans)
Church banned people from questioning his work Worked in Gladiator School
Used Four Humours and stressed importance of listening to a patient’s pulse

Question 24

Explain the influence of Hippocrates on diagnosis and treatment

Answer 24

Emphasised the importance of clinical observation

Theory of the Four Humours and the need to balance them dominated medical thinking up to 1800

Question 25

What was the influence of Islam on Medieval Medicine?

Answer 25

786-809: Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Baghdad was where Greek manuscripts were translated into Arabic 805: Al-Rashid set up Major Hospital in Baghdad with a Medical School and Library 813-833: Caliph al-Mamum developed al-Rashid's library into "House of Wisdom"- World's largest Library and Study Centre Preserved 100's of Greek books

Question 26

What were Islamic ideas about Medicine?

Answer 26

First Hospitals were for the Mentally ill who were treated with compassion Encouraged Medical learning and Discoveries Scientists encouraged to discover Cures and New Drugs

Question 27

What were Bimaristians?

Answer 27

Built in many Islamic cities to provide medical TREATMENT for Everyone Doctors were Permanently present Medical Students Trained alongside them

Question 28

How did Islamic Medical Knowledge Spread?

Answer 28

Medical discoveries and knowledge arrived in Italy in 1065 through Latin translations of Merchant Constantine the African 12th Century- Fist Latin translation of Avicenna's book: Canon of Medicine Universities of Padua and Bologna in Italy became the best places to study Medicine in Europe Reached England through trade as merchants bought new equipment drugs and books

Question 29

Al-Razi/Rhazes

Answer 29

Distinguished measles from smallpox for the first time Stressed the need for careful observation Wrote over 150 books Followed Galen but believed all students should improve on the work of their teacher Wrote a book called "Doubts About Galen"

Question 30

Ibn Sina/ Avicenna

Answer 30

Wrote an encyclopaedia of ancient medicine called Canon of Medicine

Question 31

Canon of Medicine

Answer 31

Written by Avicenna Properties of 760 Drugs like Camphor Standard European Textbook until 17th Century Discusses Anorexia and Obesity

Question 32

What were the Limitations of Medieval Surgery?

Answer 32

Operated without effective Painkillers No idea that dirt carried Disease Couldn't help Patients with Deep Wounds Thought Pus in a wound was good

Question 33

Abulcasis

Answer 33

30 Volume Book in 1000 called Al Tasrif 26 New surgical Instruments Made Cauterisation popular Invented many new procedures like Ligatures

Question 34

Hugh of Lucca and his Son Theodoric

Answer 34

1267, Criticised that Pus was needed for wounds to heal Famous Surgeons at Bologna University Used Wine on wounds to reduce chance of infection New methods of removing Arrows Went against Hippocrates so wasn't popular

Question 35

Mondino de Luzzi

Answer 35

Led interest in Anatomy in 14th Century 1315- Supervised Public Dissection in Bologna but the body didn't fit Galen's Description so was thought to be wrong 1316- Wrote "Anathomia" which became the Standard Dissection Manual for over 200 years

Question 36

Guy De Chauliac

Answer 36

1363- Wrote the "Great Surgery" Quoted Galen 890 Times Many References to Islamic and Greek Writers like Avicenna Opposed Theodoric's ideas about infection

Question 37

John of Ardene

Answer 37

Most Famous Medieval Surgeon Set up the Guild of Surgeons in 1368 used to seperate Surgeons from Barber Surgeons 1376- "Practicia" bases on 100 Years war and Greek/Arab Knowledge Specialised in Operations for Anal Abscess common in knights Used Opium and Henbane to dull Pain

Question 38

Roger Frugardi

Answer 38

1180- "Practice of Surgery" Warned against Trepanning Attempted to remove Bladder Stones

Question 39

Pubic Health Definition

Answer 39

Health and Wellbeing of the Population as a whole

Question 40

Medieval Public Health: Water

Answer 40

Hygienic: Towns took water from Local Springs, Wells or Rivers Pipes made from wood or lead Unhygienic: Sewage and other Waste dumped in rivers are the Population grew

Question 41

Medieval Public Health: Sewage

Answer 41

Hygienic: Towns are Private Houses had Privies (Outside Toilets) with cesspits to collect the Sewage Unhygienic: Cesspits dug out regularly by Gong Farmers. Towns Dirty with barely any Paved Streets so Cesspits would overflow onto Roads and Rivers

Question 42

Medieval Public Health: Rubbish

Answer 42

Hygienic: Town Councils passed Laws encouraging people to keep streets in front of their houses clean Unhygienic: Streets stank and were littered with toilet waste and household rubbish in poorer areas

Question 43

Medieval Public Health: Tradesmen's waste

Answer 43

Hygienic: Town Councils encouraged Tradesmen to keep to certain areas and keep them clean Unhygienic: Leather tanning used dangerous chemicals Meat Butchers dumped waste guts and guts onto streets and into rivers

Question 44

Why couldn't Medieval towns be kept clean?

Answer 44

Population growth Rivers used for drinking water, transport and removing waste People had no knowledge of germs Thought disease was spread by bad air so removed bad smells