Meds Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Diuretics - (class)
A
Anti-hypertensive
MOA: reduce blood volume and blood pressure by inhibiting
reuptake of sodium and water
2
Q
Diuretics drugs (3)
A
Furosemide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Spironolactone
3
Q
Furosemide (3)
A
● Loop diuretic
● Inhibits Na/K/Cl channels
● Side effects: hypokalemia, hearing loss, and interstitial nephritis
4
Q
Hydrochlorothiazide (3)
A
● Thiazide diuretic
● Inhibits Na/Cl channels
● Side effects: hypokalemia, headaches, dizziness, xerostomia, and arrhythmias
5
Q
Spironolactone (4)
A
● Potassium sparing diuretic
● Antagonizes aldosterone receptors
● Decreases renal reabsorption of sodium, leading to reduced blood pressure
● Side effect: hyperkalemia
6
Q
Vasodilators (class)
A
Anti-hypertensive
7
Q
Anti-hypertensives (class) (5)
A
- Diuretics
- Vasodilators
- Calcium channel blockers
- ACE Inhibitors
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
8
Q
Vasodilators (drug)
A
Hydralazine
9
Q
Hydralazine
A
Causes direct vasodilation of blood vessels
10
Q
Calcium channel blockers (class)
A
antihypertensive
11
Q
Calcium channel blockers (drugs) (4)
A
- verapamil
- diltiazem
- amlodipine
- nifedipine
12
Q
Calcium channel blockers (MOA) (4)
A
● Blocks calcium influx
● Causes vasodilation, decreases cardiac workload, and lowers blood pressure
● Nifedipine is an L-type calcium channel blocker
● Side effect: gingival enlargement
13
Q
ACE inhibitors (class)
A
Anti-hypertensive
-prils
14
Q
ACE inhibitors (drugs) (2)
A
- Lisinopril
- Captopril
15
Q
ACE inhibitors (MOA) (5)
A
● Blocks angiotensin-converting enzyme which converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
● Blocks signals to the heart
● Causes vasodilation
● Contraindicated if the patient is long-term user of NSAIDs
● Side effects: dry cough, orthostatic hypotension, rash, angioedema
16
Q
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (class)
A
Anti-hypertensive
-sartans
17
Q
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (drugs -2)
A
- losartan
- valsartan
18
Q
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) MOA (2)
A
● Blocks the angiotensin receptor, which when active causes vasoconstriction
● Patients with side effects on ACE inhibitors are often prescribed an ARB instead
19
Q
Anti-anginal (drug + MOA) (3)
A
- Nitroglycerin
- ● Used if patient is experiencing chest pain (angina)
● Releases nitric oxide and causes smooth muscle vasodilation in coronary arteries to
increase oxygen supply to the heart
20
Q
Anti-congestive heart failure (drug + MOA)
A
Digoxin
● Blocks Na/K ATPase
● Increases calcium influx and force of heart contraction
21
Q
Beta-blockers used for? (4)
A
- angina
- heart failure
- arrhythmias
- blood pressure control
22
Q
Beta-blockers drugs (2)
A
- Metoprolol
- propranolol
23
Q
Metoprolol MOA (2)
A
● Selective beta-1 receptor antagonist
● Decreases heart rate and contraction strength
24
Q
Propranolol MOA (4)
A
● Beta-1 and beta-2 receptor antagonist
● Decreases heart rate, contraction strength, inhibits RAAS, and causes peripheral
vasoconstriction
● Avoid in combination with epinephrine due to activation of alpha receptors, leading to
high blood pressure
25
Statins class (2)
Cholesterol-lowering drugs
-statin
26
Statins drugs (3)
- Atorvastatin
- Rosuvastatin
- Fluvastatin
27
Statins MOA (3)
● Reduces the liver’s production of cholesterol
● Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
● Side effect: muscle pain, dark urine, calcification of pulp chambers
28
Anti-platelet (drugs + MOA)
Affect platelet function
- Clopidogrel
- Aspirin
29
Clopidogrel MOA (1)
Metabolite binds to ADP receptors on platelets
30
Aspirin MOA (2)
● Irreversibly inhibits COX-1
● Decreases synthesis of thromboxane (TxA2) on platelets
31
Anticoagulants drugs (5)
- Warfarin
- Heparin
- Dabigatran
- Apixaban
- Rivaroxaban
32
Warfarin (6)
● Vitamin K antagonist
○ Decreases vitamin-K dependent factors II, VII, IX, and X
● INR (international normalized ratio) measures the effectiveness of warfarin
○ Higher INR = thinner blood; lower INR = thicker blood
○ Values of 2.0-3.0 are usually considered the effective therapeutic range
○ If combined with acetaminophen, INR may become elevated
33
Heparin (1)
Activates antithrombin to inactivate Xa and IIa
34
Dabigatran
Reversibly inhibits thrombin (factor IIa)
35
Apixaban and Rivaroxaban
Reversibly inhibits factor Xa
36
Diabetes drugs (2)
Metformin
Glipizide
37
Metformin (4)
● Used to improve insulin sensitivity
● Increases glycolysis, increases peripheral glucose uptake, and inhibits glucagon
● Episodes of hypoglycemia present with hypotension, nausea, tachycardia, and possible loss of consciousness
● Side effects: vitamin B12 deficiency, gastrointestinal upset, and metallic taste
38
Glipizide (2)
● Type of sulfonylurea
● Stimulates beta cells in pancreas to secrete insulin
39
ANS Function (3)
Regulates the function of involuntary muscle (smooth & cardiac) and glands
Sympathetic: fight or flight │Parasympathetic: rest and digest
Most organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
40
ANS drug classes (4)
- Parasympathetic agonists
- Parasympathetic antagonists
- Sympathetic agonists
- Sympathetic antagonists
41
Parasympathetic agonists drugs (2)
- Pilocarpine
- Physostigmine
42
Pilocarpine (4)
● Cholinergic muscarinic agonist, increases acetylcholine
● Stimulates salivary secretions
● Used to treat Sjögren’s syndrome
● Avoid use in patients with peptic ulcers, asthma, congestive heart failure
43
Physostigmine (2)
● Stimulates salivary secretions
● Used to treat atropine overdose
44
Parasympathetic Antagonists drugs (2)
- Atropine
- Pralidoxime
45
Atropine (2)
● Decreases salivary secretions
● Used in emergencies to increase heart rate and to treat insecticide overdose
46
Pralidoxime (2)
● Reactivates acetylcholinesterase
● Used to treat organophosphate insecticide poisoning
47
Sympathetic agonists (2)
Epinephrine
Albuterol
48
Epinephrine (2)
● Activates the sympathetic nervous system
● Avoid use in patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism to prevent hypertensive crisis
49
Albuterol (3)
● Results in bronchodilation
● Activates β-2 receptors
● Used to treat asthma
50
Sympathetic antagonists (2)
- Phentolamine
- Phenoxybenzamine
51
Phentolamine (1)
Reverses soft tissue anesthesia
52
Phenoxybenzamine (1)
Reverses the effects of epinephrine
53
CNS + sedation drugs class (12)
- Marijuana
- Methylphenidate
- Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine
- Propofol
- Carbidops
- Antipsychotics
- Antidepressants
- Benzodiazepines
- GABA receptor antagonist
- Barbiturates
- Anticonvulsants
- Stimulant
54
Marijuana (2)
● Medicinally used to decrease nausea and vomiting, alleviate chronic pain, and decrease muscle
spasms
● Associated with tachycardia, paranoia, altered sense of time, and xerostomia
55
Methylphenidate (3)
● Used to control symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
● Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) is shorter acting than amphetamine/dextroamphetamine (Adderall®)
● Side effects: tachycardia, nervousness, weight loss, xerostomia, and sweating
56
Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine
● Used to control symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
● Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) is shorter acting than amphetamine/dextroamphetamine (Adderall®)
● Side effects: tachycardia, nervousness, weight loss, xerostomia, and sweating
57
Propofol (1)
Sedative, used for general anesthesia and IV sedation
58
Carbidopa (1)
● Blocks DOPA decarboxylase, used to manage Parkinson’s disease
59
Antipsyhotic drug
Risperidone
60
Risperidone (2)
● Used to treat bipolar disorder
● Side effect: tardive dyskinesia
61
Antidepressants class (4)
- SSRIs
- Tricyclic SNRIs
- MAOIs
- Atypical
62
SSRI drugs (4)
- Sertraline
- Fluoxetine
- Citalopram
- Trazodone
63
SSRIs MOA (3)
● Selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin
● Increases risk of bleeding due to the need for serotonin for platelet function
● Anticholinergic side effects: xerostomia, dry eyes, blurry vision, and constipation
64
Tricyclic SNRIs drug (1)
Amitriptyline
65
Amitripyline (2)
● Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, allows for increased availability of
monoamines
● Anticholinergic side effects: xerostomia and dry eyes
66
MAOIs drug (1)
Phenelzine
67
Phenelzine (1)
● Inhibit monoamine neurotransmitter degradation
68
Atypical Antidepressant drug
Bupropion
69
Bupropion (4)
● Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor
● Used for smoking cessation
● May cause depression symptoms to worse
● Contraindicated for patients with epilepsy
70
Benzodiazepines drugs (5)
- Alprazolam
- Midazolam
- Triazolam
- Lorazepam
- Diazepam
71
Benodiazepines MOA (7)
● GABA receptor agonists
● Increases chloride ion influx to slow down CNS
● Short-acting: alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam
● Intermediate acting: lorazepam
● Long acting: diazepam
● Midazolam can be used to achieve conscious IV sedation
● Diazepam produces active metabolites
72
GABA receptor antagonist drug (1)
Flumazenil
73
Flumazenil
● Used as a benzodiazepine reversal
● Benzodiazepine overdose signs: shallow breathing, rapid heart rate, and slurred speech
74
Barbiturates drug (1)
Thiopental
75
Thiopental (5)
● GABA receptor agonist
● Increases chloride ion influx to slow down CNS
● Fast onset, short duration of action
● Overdose causes respiratory depression
● Contraindications: acute intermittent porphyria
76
Anticonvulsant drugs (3)
- Phenytoin
- Gabapentin
- Carbamazepine
77
Phenytoin (4)
● Binds to voltage-gated sodium channels
● Used to treat epilepsy
● Associated with drug-induced lupus: rash, joint pain
● Side effect: gingival enlargement
78
Gabapentin (2)
● Binds to voltage-gated calcium channels
● Used to treat epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia
79
Carbamazepine
● Binds to voltage-gated sodium channels
● Used to treat epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia
80
Stimulant drug (!)
Methamphetamine
81
Methamphetamine (2)
● Activates the sympathetic nervous system
● Can cause dilation of pupils (i.e., mydriasis), hypertension, hyperventilation, dry mouth
82
Monoclonal antibody drugs (2)
- Denosumab
- Adalimumab
83
Denosumab (4)
● Acts as a RANK-L inhibitor, preventing osteoclast differentiation and survival
● Used to treat osteoporosis and bone cancers
● Can contribute to medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)
○ Antiresorptive effects diminish 6 months after discontinuation
84
Adalimumab (2)
● TNF-alpha inhibitor, inhibiting inflammatory cytokines
● Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis
85
Immune drugs (4)
- Prednisone
- Dexamethasone
- Methotrexate
- Cyclosporin
86
Prednisone (2)
● Corticosteroid used to treat inflammatory conditions
● Common side effects: weight gain, hyperglycemia, hypertension, altered mood, and sleep disturbances
87
Dexamethasone (1)
● Corticosteroid used to treat inflammatory conditions
88
Methotrexate (4)
● Interferes with DNA synthesis for chemotherapy and immunosuppression
● Used to treat Crohn’s disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis
● May impair kidney function, necessitating creatinine clearance test
● Side effects: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, anemia, gastrointestinal disturbance, hepatotoxicity, and oral
ulcerations
89
Cyclosporin (3)
● Calcineurin inhibitor, causing immunosuppression
● Prevents organ rejection in transplant patients
● Side effect: gingival enlargement
90
Thyroid drugs (2)
- Levothyroxine
- Methimazole
91
Levothyroxine (3)
● Used to treat hypothyroidism
● Synthetic form of thyroxine (T4)
● Side effects: heat intolerance, sweating, anxiety, mood swings, and irritability
92
Methimazole (2)
● Used to treat hyperthyroidism
● Inhibits thyroid peroxidase (TPO) to prevent synthesis of T3 and T4
93
Gastrointestinal drug (1)
Omeprazole
94
Omeprazole (5)
● Pro-drug
● Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that decreases gastric acid secretions
● Irreversibly inactivates H+/K+/ATPase
● Used in peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
● Discontinuing treatment can lead to rebound acid hypersecretion and cause esophageal
ulcers
95
Herbal drug (1)
St. John’s Wort
96
St. John’s Wort (4)
● Used to treat depression
● Increases the availability of serotonin
● In combination with other drugs that increase levels of serotonin, patients are at risk for
serotonin syndrome
○ Other drugs include: tramadol, SSRIs, MOIs, and opioids
97
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
Allopurinol
98
Allopurinol (2)
● Used to treat gout
● Decreases xanthine oxidase enzyme to decrease production of uric acid
99
Smoking cessation aid
Varenicline
100
Varenicline (2)
● Used to aid in smoking cessation
● Prevents withdrawal symptoms
101
Neurotoxin
OnabotulinumtoxinA
102
OnabotulinumtoxinA (3)
● Prevents the release of acetylcholine
● Results in muscle paralysis
● Consists of the botulinum toxin
103
Serotonin antagonist (1)
Ondansetron
104
Ondansetron (1)
Used to treat postoperative nausea and vomiting
105
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Donepezil
106
Donepezil (2)
● Used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease
● Reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the
brain
107
Selective serotonin receptor agonist drug (1)
Sumatriptan
108
Sumatriptan (1)
● Used to treat cluster headaches and migraines
109
Deltasone®
prednisone
110
Ultram®
tramadol
111
Humira®
adalimumab
112
Toprol®
metoprolol
113
Glucophage®
metformin
114
Norvasc®
amlodipine
115
Qbrelis®
Lisinopril
116
Aloprim®
Allopurinol
117
Tenormin®
Atenolol
118
Proventil®
Albuterol
119
120
HIV drugs (3)
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
- lamivudine (Epivir®) and zidovudine (Retrovir®)
121
122
Which drug is associated with drug-induced hepatitis?
Isoniazid
123
Isoniazid
Isoniazid (Hydra®) is an antibiotic used to treat active and latent tuberculosis. The risk for drug-induced hepatitis from isoniazid increases with advancing age, concomitant alcohol use, chronic liver disease, and injection drug use.
124
Osteoporosis is treated by (4)
antiresorptive medications such as bisphosphonates, denosumab, calcitonin, and estrogen
125
Drugs that induce drug-induced lupus erythematosus (4)
phenytoin, hydralazine, isoniazid, and procainamide
126
