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Sem 1 > MEH endocrinology > Flashcards

MEH endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

Peptide hormones

A

insuline, glucagon, GH

water soluble

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2
Q

Glycoproteins

A

FSH, LH, TSH

Water soluble

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3
Q

Amines

A

adrenalines, water soluble

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4
Q

Thyroid and steroid hormones

A

lipid soluble

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5
Q

What promotes hunger

A

NPY and AgRP promote hunger at arcuate nucleus

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6
Q

What promotes satiety

A

POMC

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7
Q

what is released by ileum and colon to suppress appetite

A

PYY

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8
Q

what suppress appetite

A

leptin, insulin and amylin

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9
Q

What increases hunger

A

ghrelin

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10
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

thirst

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11
Q

Cortisol

A

lipid soluble, needs carrier protein

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12
Q

Steroid hormones bind to

A

nuclear receptors

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13
Q

features of exocrine pancreas

A

acinar cells (digestive enzymes) and ductal cells (bicarbonate ions)

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14
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Beta insulin and alpha glucagon

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15
Q

Closure of K ATP in beta cell causes

A

depolarisation and exocytosis of insulin due to ATP increased

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16
Q

Diabetes mellitus =

A

Chronic hyperglycaemia. T1 = absolute

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17
Q

Bonds in insulin

A

3 disulphide

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18
Q

Insulin features

A

uses tyrosine kinase receptor, 5 min half life

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19
Q

Glucagon promotes

A

gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

GLUT 2

A

primary transporter in pancreatic beta cells

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21
Q

Kir 6.2 causes

A

neonatal diabetes mellitus if mutated

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22
Q

99% of pancreatic tissue has

A

exocrine function

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23
Q

HbA1c

A

glycosylated form of Hb

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24
Q

Reduced plasma HDL =

A

metabolic syndrome

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25
Normal plasma glucose
3.3-6 mmol/litre
26
Metformin
reduces gluconeogenesis, helps in T2
27
Insulin
peptide, broken down in GI to amino acids
28
Diabetic ketoacidosis
increased lipolysis
29
Pituitary gland
Anterior (gland, primitive gut) Posterior (primitive brain, not gland)
30
hypothalamus produces
OT and ADH, released from PP
31
production of TSH
TRH goes to TSH (thyroid)
32
Production of cortisol
CHH goes to ACTH (cortisol, adrenals)
33
Production of prolactin
TRH goes to prolactin (inhibited by PIH/dopamine)
34
GH production
GHRH goes to GH (inhibited by GHIH/somatostatin)
35
gamete production
GnRH goes to LH and FSH
36
GH -->
JAKs --> IGF and transcription factors
37
IGF1 mainly in
adults, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, protein synthesis, lipolysis
38
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
lack of ADH/vasopressin
39
Pituitary apoplexy
impaired blood supply of pituitary
40
Treat prolactinoma with
bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
41
Galactorrhoea =
milky secretion from breast
42
Zona glomerulosa
aldosterone (Na/K)
43
Zona fasciculata
Cortisol
44
Zona reticularis
androgens
45
Renin cleaves
Angiotensinogen to AG1
46
ACE cleaves
Ag1 to Ag2, increase bp and bv
47
primary hyperaldosteronism
low renin, aldosterone secreting tumour, adrenal hyperplasia, Conns
48
secondary hyperaldosteronism
high renin, renin tumour, renal artery stenosis
49
What is spironolactone
mineralocorticoid receptor agonist
50
Cortisol
regulates gene transcription, carried by transcortin, catabolic effects and increased gluconeogenesis
51
Cortisol
Increased liver glycogen, redistribution of fat, increased protein degredation
52
Addisons
chronic adrenal insufficiency
53
Hyperpigmentation
low cortisol, less anterior pituitary negative feedback, POMC increases, ACTH and MSH increase
54
Alpha 1 =
Gaq = IP3 and diacylglycerol
55
Adrenaline produced by
methylation of noradrenaline by methyl transferase
56
Short synnacthem test
Addison's (ACTH, adrenal functions)
57
Cushings DISEASE
ACTH and cortisol high
58
ACTH increases in Addison's as
no neg feedback cortisol
59
Measurement of urine metanephrine =
best for diagnosing phaeochromocytoma
60
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
Low ACTH
61
Where is thyroid gland
below thyroid cartilage, 2 lobes and isthmus
62
PT chief cells
PTH, T follicular --> TH, TP follicular --> calcitriol
63
Carbimazole
inhibits thyroid peroxidase, iodine to I2, add to tyrosine, couple to DIT
64
T4 to T3
liver and kidneys, thyroxine binding globulin
65
TSH to
Gas/q, catabolic effects, sympathetic, BMR
66
Hashimotos'
autoimmune thyroid follicle destruction
67
Graves
TSI, v low TSH
68
T3 and T4
T3 is more potent T4 has longer half life nuclear receptors
69
Thyroid gland moved up due to
pre tracheal fascia
70
Amiodarone
disrupts thyroid function
71
TSH
glycoprotein, TSH increase = no neg feedback, hyperthyroidism
72
Calcium metabolism
controlled by parathyroid glands and vitamin D
73
Increased PTH
increased calcium
74
High calcium and low PTH =
cancer
75
Vit D deficiency
low calcium high PTH
76
Calcitriol
increases calcium absorption (calcitriol = active vitamin D)
77
Calcium receptors on PT gland
G protein coupled
78
PtHrP
produced by some cancer
79
PTH promotes
calcitriol formation
80
estriol and progesterone and corticotropin releasing hormone
produced by placenta
81
2nd half of pregnancy
fatty acids, not glucose
82
hepatic gluconeogenesis
increases during exercise
83
Gestational diabetes
type 2
84
Early pregnancy
anabolic state
85
Acetone =
pear drop smell
86
Less severe form of galactosaemia
only galactose accumulates, deficient in galactokinase, rare
87
Absence of transferase
galactose and galactose 1 phosphate accumulate
88
Low creatinine in urine but high in blood =
decreased kidney function
89
Parathyroid hormone related peptide =
produced by some tumours and associated with hypercalcaemia

Sem 1 (10 decks)

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