Meiosis and Genetics

Question 1

Chromosomes are homologous only when they…

Answer 1

1. are the same length
2. have the same centromere location
3. carry genes for the same traits at the same place

Question 2

What is a cell with n number of chromosomes called?

Answer 2

haploid cell

Question 3

What can happen during synapsis?

Answer 3

1. homologous chromosome pairs form

2. Chromosomes swap pieces of DNA

Question 4

Which of these are not a stage of meiosis 1?
A. telophase 1
B. mitosis 1
C. Interphase
D. anaphase1

Answer 4

B. mitosis 1

C. Interphase (technically not)

Question 5

How many haploid cells are produced after meiosis?

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Does meiosis always create identical haploid cells?

Answer 6

No, the cells are never identical

Question 7

Which organisms can produce sexually?

Answer 7

Plants, simple animals, and complex animals

Question 8

Why does meiosis occur?

Answer 8

to produce gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 9

Each chromosome has around what number of genes?

Answer 9

1500

Question 10

Fill in the blank: In asexual reproduction, the new organism is genetically ____ to its parents

Answer 10

identical

Question 11

What organisms can produce asexually?

Answer 11

Bacteria, plants, simple animals

Question 12

In what phases of meiosis does the pairing of homologous chromosomes occur?

Answer 12

Prophase 1

Question 13

Homologous chromosomes line up in the equator during what phase?

Answer 13

metaphase 1

Question 14

What does crossing-over produce?

Answer 14

genetic variation

Question 15

What are genes?

Answer 15

genes are segments of DNA

Question 16

What are chromosomes?

Answer 16

Chromosomes are condensed DNA

Question 17

What is a gamete?

Answer 17

A sex cell; sperm in males and eggs in females

Question 18

Is meiosis the same as sexual reproduction?

Answer 18

No, sexual reproduction includes both meiosis and fertilization. Therefore they are not the same.

Question 19

What is the goal of meiosis 1?

Answer 19

for homologous chromosomes to separate

Question 20

What is the goal of meiosis 2?

Answer 20

for sister chromatids to separate

Question 21

If crossing over was prevented, what would happen?

Answer 21

1. genetic variation would decrease

2. prophase 1 would be disrupted

Question 22

What type of cell does meiosis occur in?

Answer 22

germ cells

Question 23

How does the reduction in chromosome number occur during meiosis?

Answer 23

Unlike in mitosis, chromosomes are not copied, so when the cell splits it only has half the number of chromosomes a regular diploid cell would have. The sister chromatids then split resulting in four haploid cells.

Question 24

Why is sexual reproduction more beneficial than asexual reproduction?

Answer 24

1. the rate of beneficial mutations is faster.

2. beneficial genes multiply faster over time than they do for asexual organisms.

Question 25

How does meiosis result differently in males and females?

Answer 25

In males, four haploid sperm cells are formed. In females, of the four haploid cells formed, one is an egg and the other 3 are polar bodies.

Question 26

Is meiosis 1 or 2 more like mitosis?

Answer 26

Meiosis 2 is more like mitosis because sister chromatids are separated in it.

Question 27

What happens in anaphase 1?

Answer 27

1. Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. 2. The chromosome number is reduced from 2n to n.

Question 28

What happens in telophase 1?

Answer 28

1. Chromosomes reach the cell’s opposite poles. | 2. Cytokinesis occurs.

Question 29

In what phase(s) does crossing over occur?

Answer 29

It ONLY occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis.

Question 30

What are the eight phases of meiosis?

Answer 30

1. Prophase 1 2. Metaphase 1 3. Anaphase 1 4. Telophase 1 5. Prophase 2 6. Metaphase 2 7. Anaphase 2 8. Telophase 2

Question 31

Who is known as "the father of genetics?"

Answer 31

Gregor Mendel

Question 32

What does Mendel's law of segregation state?

Answer 32

there are two alleles for each trait that separate in meiosis and reunite in fertilization.

Question 33

What does Mendel's law of independent assortment state?

Answer 33

alleles distribute randomly when gametes are made.

Question 34

What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous organisms?

Answer 34

Homozygous organisms have two of the alleles in a trait, whereas heterozygous organisms have two different alleles in a trait.

Question 35

What is an organism's genotype?

Answer 35

the allele pairs

Question 36

What would a first-generation hybrid be labeled as?

Answer 36

F1

Question 37

What did Dr. Punnet create in the early 1900s?

Answer 37

The Punnet Square

Question 38

Members of the F1 generation can be categorized as what?

Answer 38

Heterozygous, hybrids

Question 39

What are the two types of alleles?

Answer 39

dominant, recessive

Question 40

What does Chargaff's rule state?

Answer 40

adenine goes with thymine and cytosine goes with guanine

Question 41

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 41

In RNA there is uracil; in DNA there is thymine

Question 42

What is a monohybrid cross?

Answer 42

A cross that involves hybrids for a single trait.

Question 43

What are nucleotides?

Answer 43

subunits of nucleic acids

Question 44

What makes up nucleotides?

Answer 44

5 carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base

Question 45

Which bases are purines?

Answer 45

Adenine | Guanine