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MCM - Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms) > Membrane Structure, Lipids and Function > Flashcards

Membrane Structure, Lipids and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Two essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

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2
Q

Phospholipids are derivatives of

A

Phosphatidic acid

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3
Q

RDS

A

Respiratory distress syndrome is associated with insufficient lung surfactant leading to partial lung collapse

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4
Q

Lysosomal Storage Disease

A

Mostly autosomal recessive

Inborn error of metabolism which results in an enzyme absence or deficiency

Leads to innaproprite storage in the cells

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5
Q

Sphingosine is derived from

A

Serine

Palmitate (fatty acid)

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6
Q

Sphingophosholipids

A

Made up of a sphingosine back bone

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7
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

Abundant in nerve tissue

Has a phosphocholine attached to sphingosine back bone

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8
Q

Sphingolipids are a derivative of

A

ceramide

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9
Q

Cerebroside

A

Ceramide + 1 glucose or galactose

Found primarily in the myelin sheath

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10
Q

Gaucher disease

A

AR

Defects in glucocerebrosidase which breaks down glucocerebrosides

Results in hepatosplenomegaly

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11
Q

Globosides

A

Ceramide + > 1 sugar

Sugar is often galalctose, glucose, or N-acetyl galactosamine

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12
Q

Gangliosides

A

Globoside + acidic sugar

They also have a glucose or galalctose attachment

Found in myelin sheath

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13
Q

Tay Sachs disaease

A

AR

Defect in hexosaminidase A

Enzyme breaks down GM2 gangliosides

Diagnosed at 3-6 months

Development slows

Muscles weaken

Loss of motor skills

Cherry red spot (on eye exam)

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14
Q

Neimann-pick disease

A

AR

Deficiency in sphingomyelinase

Accumulation of sphingomyelin in lysosomes causes hepatosplenomegaly and neurological damage

Cherry red spot in eye is present

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15
Q

Sulfatides

A

Galactocebrosides + sulfuric acid

Major component of myelin

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16
Q

Integral proteins

A

Firmly embedded in the membrane
Stabilized through hydrophobic interactions
6 types of integral proteins

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17
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

A type of integral protein which can interact with both external and internal envt

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18
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

loosely bound to the membrane surface through electrostatic interactions with other proteins or lipids

Removed through pH change or ionic concentration change

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19
Q

Lipid anchored proteins

A

Covalent interaction with lipid molecules

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20
Q

Functions of proteins on membrane

A

Recpetors
Channels, gates, pumps
Enzymes
ATP synthesis

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21
Q

Carbohydrates and the cell membrane

A

Covalently attached to membrane

Form glycocalyx which serves in protection, adhesion and identification (diseased/foreign cells vs healthy cells)

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22
Q

Membrane is selectively permeable to:

and impermeable to:

A

Small polar solutes and
non polar molecules

Large polar molecules and ions

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23
Q

Factors affecting membrane fluidity

A

Temperature
Cholesterol
Saturation

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24
Q

Temperatures affect on membrane fluidity

A

Temp&raquo_space;» Tm (membranes transition temperature) - too fluid

Temp > Tm - optimal

Temp < Tm - too rigid

25
Lipid composition on membrane fluidity
Saturated - decreases fluidity | Unsaturated - increases fluiditiy
26
Cholesterol on membrane fluidity
Cholesterol in a fluid membrane - less fluidity | Cholesterol in a rigid membrane - more fluidity
27
Lateral diffusion
Fast | Not catalyzed
28
Transverse diffusion
Flipping form one side of the mebrane to the other With out enzymes - very slow With enzymes - fast
29
Enzymes that help with transverse diffusion
Floppase Flippase Scarmblase Use ATP hydrolysis
30
Flippase
Outer to cytosolic
31
Floppase
Cytosolic to outer
32
Scramblase
Move in either direction toward equilibrium
33
Amphitropic
Having an affinity for both lipid and aqueous environments
34
Rate of passive transport depends on
``` Temperature Concentration Mass Thickness Solubility Density Surface area ```
35
Molecules that are transported via passive diffusion
``` N2 O2 CO2 lipids hormones ```
36
Facilliated diffusion 2 types
Channel mediated | Carrier mediated
37
Types of channel mediated diffusion
Leakage channels - periodically open | Gated channels - open in response to stimuli
38
3 types of gated channels
Ligand gated Voltage gated Mechanical gated
39
2 types of ligand gated channels
Ionotropic - ligand binds, channel opens | Metabotropic - G-coupled receptor bound which causes another channel to open
40
Carrier mediated transport
Transmembrane proteins bind to a specific substance causing a conformational change that allows for substance to be carried through GLUT 4, aquaporins
41
Tonicity
Concentration of a solution
42
Physiological tonicity
0.9% saline
43
Cystinuria
The result of mutations in channels that reabsorb basic AAs ``` COLA Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine ``` High levels of cysteine in urine, crystallization, stone formation
44
Antiport vs symport
Antiport- primary active transport, rely on ATP, pumped in opposite direction, Na+/K+ pumps Symport- secondary active transport, use energy stored in chemical gradients, pumped in the same direction
45
Antiport pump types
V-type pumps F-type pumps P-type pumps ATP binding cassette (ABC) pump
46
ATP binding cassette (ABC) pump
Transport outside of the cell (effluxors) Substrate binds > conformational change > ATP binds > channel opens
47
ATP binding cassette (ABC) pump example
CFTR channels mediate active transport of Cl– ions from inside cells to outside in the airway, Na+ and H2O usually follow Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder resulting in mutations to CFTR which don't allow the transport of Cl- and therefore Na+ and H20 which leads to a build up of thick mucous (w/o water) outside of the cells Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) in chemotherapy - pumps out medication too quickly
48
P-type pumps
Transport cations, autophosphorylation using ATP
49
F-type pumps
Transports H+ Catalyze ATP formation ex: ETC
50
V-type pumps
Transport H+ to acidify compartments such as intracellular organelles or across the plasma membrane Osteoclasts use V-pumps to absorb bone mineral. Defects in the pumps result in osteopetrosis Renal tubules rely on V-pumps to secrete protons into the urine. Renal tubular acidosis results from a failure of these pumps, resulting in proton accumulation in the blood
51
Symport pumps
Potential energy stored in H+ or Na+ concentration gradient drives transport of a separate substances against their own concentration gradient
52
Ex of symport pumps
Absorption of glucose (Glc) and amino acids in renal tubule rely on Na+ concentration gradients
53
3 types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis - solid phase uptake (eating) PInocytosis - liquid phase uptake (drinking) Receptor mediated endocytosis - ligand binds to cell surface receptor which allows entry to cell (seen with viruses)
54
Transcytosis
Combination of endocytosis and exocytosis to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side (insulin transport across cell)
55
What allows the fusing of two membranes in vessicle formation
Fusogen
56
2 broad classes of viral fusogens
pH independent fusion proteins - function at neutral conditions Acid-dependent fusion proteins
57
Syncytium
multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cells fusing together Ex: sperm with oocyte fusion
58
Transport of vesicles between compartments involves _______
Budding and fusion
59
Premiscous/permissive carriers
ABC transporters | -MDRs

MCM - Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms) (6 decks)

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