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Elements of Medicine > Membrane Structure/Transport > Flashcards

Membrane Structure/Transport Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

A sphere vesicle with at least one lipid bilayer is called…

A

liposome

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2
Q

What are glycerophospholipids named according to?

A

The alcohol group attached to the phosphate in the polar head.

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3
Q

What are the four components glycerol phosopholipid?

A

Fatty acid chains (2), glycerol, phosphate and amino alcohol

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4
Q

What is the difference between sphingosine and ceramide?

A

Fatty acid chain bound to the amine group

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5
Q

What amino alcohol group does sphingomyelin have?

A

Choline

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6
Q

What is sphingomyelin derived from?

A

Ceramide

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7
Q

Where does ceramide become sphingomyelin?

A

Golgi apparatus

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8
Q

Which leaflet is phosphatidylethanolamine mostly found?

A

Inner

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9
Q

Which leaflet is phosphotidylserine mostly found?

A

Inner

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10
Q

Which leaflet is phosphatidylinositol mostly found?

A

Inner

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11
Q

Which leaflet is phosphatidylcholine mostly found?

A

Outer

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12
Q

Which leaflet is spingomyelin mostly found?

A

Outer

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13
Q

Which leaflet are glycolipids mostly found?

A

Outer

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14
Q

Which membrane contains a high occurrence of cardiolipin?

A

Mitochondrial (inner) membrane

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15
Q

Factors affecting membrane fluidity (4)

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Cholesterol level
  3. Saturation of fatty acyl chains
  4. fatty acyl chain length
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16
Q

How does high temperatures affect membrane fluidity?

A

As temperature increases, the membrane becomes more fluid

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17
Q

Effect of cholesterol on membrane fluidity?

A

When temperature is low, it keeps it fluid. At high temperatures, it keeps it from becoming too fluid. Really dope yo

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18
Q

Does fatty acyl chain saturation make the membrane more or less fluid?

A

Less

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19
Q

True or false: longer fatty acyl chains make the membrane more fluid?

A

False

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20
Q

What is a lipid raft?

A

Area of densely packed lipids.

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21
Q

Protein mobility on a lipid raft?

A

Decreased.

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22
Q

What do flippases and floppases require to work?

A

ATP

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23
Q

True of false: scramblase requires energy?

A

False.

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24
Q

Does flippase move proteins from in to out or out to in?

A

Out to in.

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25
Does floppase move proteins from in to out or out to in?
In to out.
26
What increases the activity of scramblases?
Ca2+
27
Where does phospholipid synthesis occur?
Cytosolic surface of the ER
28
Where do glycolipids get their precursors?
Golgi apparatus
29
Which phospholipid acts as a signal for apoptosis and cell senescence on the extracellular leaflet?
Phosphatidylserine
30
What is a common extracellular protein anchor?
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
31
Acyl anchors are used for...
cytoplasmic face peripheral protein anchoring
32
Thioester bonds are used on which leaflet
cytosolic
33
GPI-anchored proteins are involved with signal transduction in what membrane structure?
Lipid rafts
34
Fick's Law of Diffusion
(surface area) (concentration gradient) (membrane permeability) / membrane thickness
35
What group lines the selectivity filter of a K+ channel?
C=0 (carbonyl)
36
What is a less selective ion channel called which allows both Sodium and Potassium to pass?
monovalent cation channel
37
What is a competitive inhibitor of glucose channels?
Galactose
38
Location of GLUT1 transporter?
Most cells; RBCs; endothelial cells esp in BBB. (Km 1-2 mM)
39
Location of GLUT2 transporter?
Pancreatic beta cells; liver. REVERSIBLE | Km = 15-20 mM
40
Location of GLUT3 transporter?
Neurons (Km = 1mM)
41
Location of GLUT4 transporter?
Skeletal muscles and fat cells. Insulin sensitive. (Km=5 mM)
42
What is the kinetic effect of insulin on GLUT4?
It increases Vmax (by way of exocytosing more receptors)
43
What is SGLT1?
Na+/glucose contransporter (symporter) found in the small intestine and kidneys
44
How many sodium ions are cotransported with glucose in SGLT1?
2
45
Where is the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger?
Erythrocytes
46
What type of transporter is the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger? Symporter or antiporter?
Antiporter
47
What is significant about the Cl/HCO3 exchange?
electrochemically neutral
48
What are the four classes of ATP-powered pumps?
P-Class, V-Class, F-Class, ABC
49
Which type of ATP-Powered pump is reversibly phosphorylated?
P-Class
50
Structure of P-Class pumps?
two alpha subunits
51
What type of pump is Na/K ATPase?
P-class
52
Is the E1 conformation of Na/K ATPase facing the cytosol or extracellular space?
Cytosol
53
Is the E2 conformation of Na/K ATPase facing the cytosol or extracellular space?
Extracellular
54
What are the two Na/K ATPase inhibitors we learned?
Digoxin and Oubain
55
What is digoxin used to treat, besides its inhibitor function?
Heart failure
56
The V-class proton pumps work in which direction?
Cytosol to intracellular organelles
57
How do V-class proton pumps work?
Use ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ against its electrochemical gradient
58
How do F-class proton pumps work?
Pump H+ along its electrochemical gradient to form ATP from ADP + Pi
59
What organelles are V-class pumps important for?
Lysosomes and endosomes (keeping the pH low)
60
Structure of ABC transporters
Two transmembrane domains. Two nucleotide binding domains
61
Are most ABC transporters exporters or importers in eukaryotes?
Exporters
62
Multidrug resistant transporters are what type of transporter?
ABC transporter

Elements of Medicine (8 decks)

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