Membranes, Enzymes and Respiration Study Guide Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
What type of reaction is cellular respiration?
The overall reaction of cellular respiration is a REDOX reaction.
How do you know if a molecule is reduced?
A molecule is reduced when it gains electrons and energy, as electrons carry energy.
What happens to NAD+ in cellular respiration?
NAD+ is reduced to NADH by gaining electrons and hydrogen.
How do you know if a molecule is oxidized?
A molecule is oxidized when it loses electrons, gaining oxygen atoms or losing hydrogen atoms.
What reaction happens in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, occurs in the cytoplasm.
What are the products of glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
What happens to pyruvate in yeast when there is no oxygen?
Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide through fermentation.
What happens to pyruvate in animals if no oxygen is present?
Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid through lactic acid fermentation.
What is the purpose of making and using NADH in fermentation?
To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can keep producing ATP.
Give examples of foods that use bacteria or yeast to digest sugar anaerobically.
Examples include bread, yogurt, and kefir.
What is the general structure of the mitochondria?
The mitochondria has two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The space inside the inner membrane is called the matrix, and the area between the membranes is the intermembrane space.
What is the waste product when pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA?
The waste product is carbon dioxide (CO₂).
What molecule carries the hydrogen/electron released from pyruvate?
NADH carries the hydrogen/electrons released from pyruvate.
Where does acetyl-CoA go to get further oxidized?
Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria.
Why is the Krebs cycle considered a circular enzyme pathway?
It regenerates its starting molecule oxaloacetate at the end.
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
The products are NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers), ATP (a high-energy molecule), and CO2 (a waste product).
Where do NADHs drop off their electrons?
NADH drops off its electrons at the electron transport chain.
What do the molecules in the inner membrane do with the energy from electrons?
They pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
What metal is used in the electron transport chain?
Iron is used to redox the electrons along from one complex to the next.
What do complexes 1, 3, and 4 pump across the membrane?
They pump hydrogen ions across the membrane.
Why is oxygen used in cellular respiration?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, where it gets reduced to water (H2O).
What enzyme is responsible for ATP mass production?
The enzyme is ATP synthase.
How many ATPs are produced per glucose molecule?
30-32 ATP are produced per glucose molecule.
