Membranous Organelles Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Its a complex structure , it is formed of three components ? What is it , and give the components ?
A
- It is the cytoplasm
- cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap
- cytoplasmic organelles
- membranous
- non membranous
- cell inclusion
2
Q
Characteristics of Cytoplasmic inclusion or cell inclusion
A
There are accumulation of stored food as glycogen and fat or an accumulation of pigments as carbon and melanin
3
Q
Characteristics of Non membranous organelles
A
- Not enclosed in membrane
- share in formation of cytoskeleton
- not participate directly in cellular metabolism
- they are microtubules give the cell its characteristics
4
Q
Characteristics of membranous organelles
A
- Present in all nucleated cells
- permanent components of the cytoplasm
- contain enzymes that participate in cellular metabolism
5
Q
characteristics of cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap
A
It is colloidal solution of proteins , amino acids , carbohydrates , minerals , enzymes , small molecules and ions
6
Q
Main Structure of the cell
A
- The cytoplasm
- the nucleus
7
Q
Shape , size and function of the cell
A
- Rounded , oval , flat , cubical , columnar . Its very in shape
- small , medium , large . Very in size
- secretion , excretion , respiration , absorption , conduction , contraction , movement , reproduction , sensation , growth .
8
Q
It is the living membrane which outermost cover of the cytoplasm
A
Cell membrane or plasma membrane , also called plasmalemma
9
Q
Function of plasmalemma
A
It regulates the passage of material into and out of cell
10
Q
The size of plasmalemma
A
Very thin about rages from 80 to 100 angstrom ( 8 nm to 10 nm )
11
Q
Can plasmalemma be distinguished by L.M ?
A
It cannot be distinguished by L.M because it is very thin
12
Q
Plasmalemma under E.M
A
It appears as it formed of three layers so it is called Tri-lamellar membrane
13
Q
Structure of tri-lamellar membrane
A
It is formed of lipids proteins and carbohydrates , all arranged in a special manner in the cell membrane ( tri-lamellar membrane )
14
Q
The position of lipid and proteins in the structure of plasma membrane
A
The lipid is present in the middle , while proteins presents in outer and inner surfaces.
15
Q
Structure of lipid molecules in the cell membrane
A
- It is formed of phospholipids and cholesterol molecules
- each phospholipid is formed of two parts
- hydrophilic part ( it forms the head of lipid molecule ) ( it likes water )
- hydrophobic part ( it forms the tail of lipid molecule ) ( it dislikes water )
16
Q
The meaning of hydrophilic lipid
A
It has a great affinity for aqueous solutions ( it likes water ) , composed of charged lipid and is called ( polar region ) .
17
Q
The meaning of hydrophobic lipid
A
It has no affinity for aqueous solution ( it dislikes water ) , composed of non charged lipid and is called ( non polar region )
18
Q
The position of hydrophobic ends of the lipid
A
The hydrophobic ends are directed inwards , “ they face each other in the central part of the cell membrane “
19
Q
The position of cholesterol molecule in the cell membrane
A
They are mainly present in the cytoplasmic aspect of the cell membrane , “ the inner surface of the plasmalemma “
20
Q
Protein molecule present in the cell membrane in two forms , what are they ?
A
- Extrinsic or peripheral protein
- intrinsic or integral protein
21
Q
Intrinsic or integral protein present in the cell membrane in two forms , whhat they are ?
A
- Small integral protein membrane
- large Integral protein membrane
22
Q
Large I.P.M present in ?
A
Present in the center of the membrane as large globular masses of protein molecules
23
Q
Small I.P.M embedded in ?
A
Embedded in the lipid bilayer in form of collections of protein molecules .
24
Q
The position of extrinsic protein
A
- Are loosely bounded to both surfaces of the cell membrane
- it forms a non-continuous layer outside the lipid bilayer
25
The function of “ cell receptor “ or “ carbohydrates “ in the cell membrane .
It control the entrance of hormones , drugs , viruses and bacteria into the cell .
26
When the carbohydrates link to protein forms ?
Glycoprotein
27
When the carbohydrates link to lipid forms ?
Glycolipid
28
Glycoproteins and glycolopid both forming ?
- The cell coat ( covers the out side surface if the cell membrane )
- also called GLYCOCALYX .
29
The size of GLYCOCALYX
It is very thick or very thin
30
The position of carbohydrates in the cell membrane ?
Bounded to the outer surface of the cell membrane
31
Contents of mitochondria
- Mitochondria matrix
- - DNA
- - RNA
- - Respiratory enzymes
- - calcium and magnesium ions
32
Function of mitochondria
- the main function
- - respiratory metabolism
- - supply energy to all cellular activities
- - energy produced can be used by the cell to generate ATP which is high energy producing source from ADP .
- the respiratory enzymes are responsible for all oxidative phosphorylation processes inside the cell ( ATP —> ADP )
- storing of calcium and magnesium ions as dark granules in the mitochondria matrix
- the calcium and magnesium ions are important to catalyze the enzymatic reaction of the mitochondria
33
Location of mitochondria
Present in all nucleated cells
34
Mitochondria under L.M
They appear as roads , granules or filaments
35
The factors that affect the shape and position of mitochondria
The changes of temperature , pH and osmotic pressure .
36
Mitochondria under E.M
- Appears as a vesicle surrounded by two membranes
| - - it is bounded by 2 membranes outer and inner .
37
The mitochondria distribution number under E.M
Is different from one cell to another , about 1000 mitochondria may be present in one liver cell
38
Contents of golgi complex
- Rich in sulfate transferase enzyme
| - Rich in sugar transferase enzyme
39
Position of Golgi complex in nerve and liver cells
It surrounds the nucleus
40
Position of Golgi complex in secretory cells
Present between nucleus and extends in the free border of the cell , for example , secretory cells of the epididymis .
41
Staining of Golgi complex
- It cannot be stained with hematoxylin and elusin
- it can be stained with silver stain
- color is brown
42
Golgi complex under L.M
Appears as fibrillar or granular network which may surround nucleus , or above , or under .
43
Golgi complex shape and structure
- It is formed of flat or rounded membranous vesicles
44
Golgi complex under E.M
1 - flattened vesicle or golgi saccule “ sacs “
- flat saccule “ sac “ filled with protein
- arranged one above the other forming stacks
- each stack has a concave mature surface and convex immature surface
- in this flat vesicles golgi complex performs its function
2 - transfer or micro vesicles
- small membranous rounded vesicles filled with protein
- comes from or originate from the RER
- they fuse with golgi saccule or flat vesicles of golgi complex to be transformed into secretory product called secretory vesicles .
45
Function of Golgi complex
- The main function :
- - It is responsible for concentrating ,accumulating and packaging of the secretory product of the cell
- - - adds sulfate to certain secretory products by sulfotransferase enzyme
- - - adds carbohydrates components to certain secretory products by sugar transferase enzyme
- - polysaccharides synthesizing , specially glycogen .
- - - coupling of polysaccharide and protein to form glycoprotein .
46
Enzymatic contents of lysosomes
- Contains hydrolytic enzymes as : protease , nuclease , lipase , glycosides and acid phosphatase enzymes
47
Function of hydrolytic enzymes
- its main function : intra cytoplasmic digestion of nutritive and foreign substances
48
Formation of lysosomes GERL process
Step one
- The hydrolytic enzymes has protein nature so they are synthesized in the RER
Step two
- the enzymes migrate to Golgi complex as transfer vesicles
Step three
- in Golgi complex the enzymes are collected , concentrated and enveloped to by “ lysosome “
Step four
- lysosomes are budded off from Golgi complex into cytoplasm , and now are called “ primary lysosomes “
49
Formation of secondary lysosomes
- Th secondary lysosomes appears when “ primary lysosomes fuse with cytoplasmic foreign bodies ( phagosome or pinocytotic vesicle or old cell organelles ) “
- other type of secondary lysosomes called multivesicular bodies ( primary lysosome fused with pinocytotic vesicle )
50
Fate of lysosomes
- if they are not fused with any cytoplasmic foreign bodies or nutritive elements , called “ Primary lysosomes “.
- if they are fused with any foreign body , called “ Secondary lysosomes “
- after the digestion of the contents and diffusion of their material to the cytoplasm the remaining vacuole is called “ Residual body “
- this residual body its going to be expelled outside the cell by “ Exocytosis “
51
Lysosomes under fluorescent microscope ( L. M )
Appear as black granules
52
Number of lysosomes
Very in number according to the function of each cell
53
Primary lysosomes under E.L
Appear as homogeneous rounded vesicle , surrounded by a single smooth membrane formed of lipoprotein ( lipid + protein ) molecule
54
Secondary lysosomes under E. L
Appears as heterogeneous rounded bodies
55
Function of lysosomes
- Defend the body against invading organisms as bacteria viruses
- - in leucocytes destroy the phagocytosed bacteria and viruses
- facilitate the process of penetration of sperm to ovum during fertilization
- they hydrolyse ( eat or digest ) the protein which is re absorbed by the cells of the kidney tubules preventing escape of protein in urine
56
Function of primary lysosomes
Perform digestive function
57
Function of S.E.R
- Detoxification of excess drugs or hormones which may accumulate in the body
- they play a role in muscular contraction , through the process of calcium pump
- regulating of mineral metabolism , they play a role in formation of HCL
- synthesis of glycogen , in liver cells .
- synthesis lipid , in endocrine and liver cells “ they form steroid hormones , lipid and lipoprotein .
58
S.E.R under E.L
It appears as anastomosing tubules with smooth wall , there are no ribosomes on their outer surface .
59
S.E.R under L.M
It cannot be stained with basic stain so we cannot see it under light microscope.
60
Location of S.E.R
Present in great amounts in cells which synthesize lipids , lipoprotein , cholesterol , glycogen and steroid hormones as liver cells and endocrine cells .
61
Position of S.E.R
It extends between the nucleus and cell membrane
62
Function of R.E.R
- Synthesis and segregation of protein ( ribosomes synthesis protein from amino acids ) protein with hormonal nature or protein with enzymatic nature .
- storage of the formed protein
- packaging of the formed protein , separate the ( enzymatic protein ) from ( hormonal protein ) .
- delivery of packaging protein as transfer vesicles to fuse with Golgi complex .
- also protects the cytoplasm from the formed hydrolytic enzymes ( these enzymes are enclosed in membrane which are formed by R.E.R )
63
Staining of R.E.R
Basophilic in stain it can be stained with hematoxylin and elusin , due to presence of ribosome’s ( r RNA ) on their outer surface
64
R.E.R under E.M
Tubules of rough endoplasmic reticulum om are covered by single membrane
65
Location of R.E.R
It is present in greater amounts in protein forming/synthesis cells as :
- fibroblast cells
- pancreatic cells
- liver cells
- osteoblast cells
- plasma cells
66
Position of R.E.R
Present in the whole cytoplasm between the nucleus and the cell membrane
67
Its a complex structure , it is formed of three components ? What is it , and give the components ?
- It is the cytoplasm
- cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap
- cytoplasmic organelles
- - membranous
- - non membranous
- - cell inclusion
68
Characteristics of Cytoplasmic inclusion or cell inclusion
There are accumulation of stored food as glycogen and fat or an accumulation of pigments as carbon and melanin
69
Characteristics of Non membranous organelles
- Not enclosed in membrane
- share in formation of cytoskeleton
- not participate directly in cellular metabolism
- they are microtubules give the cell its characteristics
70
Characteristics of membranous organelles
- Present in all nucleated cells
- permanent components of the cytoplasm
- contain enzymes that participate in cellular metabolism
71
characteristics of cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap
It is colloidal solution of proteins , amino acids , carbohydrates , minerals , enzymes , small molecules and ions
72
Main Structure of the cell
- The cytoplasm
| - the nucleus
73
Shape , size and function of the cell
- Rounded , oval , flat , cubical , columnar . Its very in shape
- small , medium , large . Very in size
- secretion , excretion , respiration , absorption , conduction , contraction , movement , reproduction , sensation , growth .
74
It is the living membrane which outermost cover of the cytoplasm
Cell membrane or plasma membrane , also called plasmalemma
75
Function of plasmalemma
It regulates the passage of material into and out of cell
76
The size of plasmalemma
Very thin about rages from 80 to 100 angstrom ( 8 nm to 10 nm )
77
Can plasmalemma be distinguished by L.M ?
It cannot be distinguished by L.M because it is very thin
78
Plasmalemma under E.M
It appears as it formed of three layers so it is called Tri-lamellar membrane
79
Structure of tri-lamellar membrane
It is formed of lipids proteins and carbohydrates , all arranged in a special manner in the cell membrane ( tri-lamellar membrane )
80
The position of lipid and proteins in the structure of plasma membrane
The lipid is present in the middle , while proteins presents in outer and inner surfaces.
81
Structure of lipid molecules in the cell membrane
- It is formed of phospholipids and cholesterol molecules
- - each phospholipid is formed of two parts
- - hydrophilic part ( it forms the head of lipid molecule ) ( it likes water )
- - hydrophobic part ( it forms the tail of lipid molecule ) ( it dislikes water )
82
The meaning of hydrophilic lipid
It has a great affinity for aqueous solutions ( it likes water ) , composed of charged lipid and is called ( polar region ) .
83
The meaning of hydrophobic lipid
It has no affinity for aqueous solution ( it dislikes water ) , composed of non charged lipid and is called ( non polar region )
84
The position of hydrophobic ends of the lipid
The hydrophobic ends are directed inwards , “ they face each other in the central part of the cell membrane “
85
The position of cholesterol molecule in the cell membrane
They are mainly present in the cytoplasmic aspect of the cell membrane , “ the inner surface of the plasmalemma “
86
Protein molecule present in the cell membrane in two forms , what are they ?
- Extrinsic or peripheral protein
| - intrinsic or integral protein
87
Intrinsic or integral protein present in the cell membrane in two forms , whhat they are ?
- Small integral protein membrane
| - large Integral protein membrane
88
Large I.P.M present in ?
Present in the center of the membrane as large globular masses of protein molecules
89
Small I.P.M embedded in ?
Embedded in the lipid bilayer in form of collections of protein molecules .
90
The position of extrinsic protein
- Are loosely bounded to both surfaces of the cell membrane
| - it forms a non-continuous layer outside the lipid bilayer
91
The function of “ cell receptor “ or “ carbohydrates “ in the cell membrane .
It control the entrance of hormones , drugs , viruses and bacteria into the cell .
92
When the carbohydrates link to protein forms ?
Glycoprotein
93
When the carbohydrates link to lipid forms ?
Glycolipid
94
Glycoproteins and glycolopid both forming ?
- The cell coat ( covers the out side surface if the cell membrane )
- also called GLYCOCALYX .
95
The size of GLYCOCALYX
It is very thick or very thin
96
The position of carbohydrates in the cell membrane ?
Bounded to the outer surface of the cell membrane
97
Contents of mitochondria
- Mitochondria matrix
- - DNA
- - RNA
- - Respiratory enzymes
- - calcium and magnesium ions
98
Function of mitochondria
- the main function
- - respiratory metabolism
- - supply energy to all cellular activities
- - energy produced can be used by the cell to generate ATP which is high energy producing source from ADP .
- the respiratory enzymes are responsible for all oxidative phosphorylation processes inside the cell ( ATP —> ADP )
- storing of calcium and magnesium ions as dark granules in the mitochondria matrix
- the calcium and magnesium ions are important to catalyze the enzymatic reaction of the mitochondria
99
Location of mitochondria
Present in all nucleated cells
100
Mitochondria under L.M
They appear as roads , granules or filaments
101
The factors that affect the shape and position of mitochondria
The changes of temperature , pH and osmotic pressure .
102
Mitochondria under E.M
- Appears as a vesicle surrounded by two membranes
| - - it is bounded by 2 membranes outer and inner .
103
The mitochondria distribution number under E.M
Is different from one cell to another , about 1000 mitochondria may be present in one liver cell
104
Contents of golgi complex
- Rich in sulfate transferase enzyme
| - Rich in sugar transferase enzyme
105
Position of Golgi complex in nerve and liver cells
It surrounds the nucleus
106
Position of Golgi complex in secretory cells
Present between nucleus and extends in the free border of the cell , for example , secretory cells of the epididymis .
107
Staining of Golgi complex
- It cannot be stained with hematoxylin and elusin
- it can be stained with silver stain
- color is brown
108
Golgi complex under L.M
Appears as fibrillar or granular network which may surround nucleus , or above , or under .
109
Golgi complex shape and structure
- It is formed of flat or rounded membranous vesicles
110
Golgi complex under E.M
1 - flattened vesicle or golgi saccule “ sacs “
- flat saccule “ sac “ filled with protein
- arranged one above the other forming stacks
- each stack has a concave mature surface and convex immature surface
- in this flat vesicles golgi complex performs its function
2 - transfer or micro vesicles
- small membranous rounded vesicles filled with protein
- comes from or originate from the RER
- they fuse with golgi saccule or flat vesicles of golgi complex to be transformed into secretory product called secretory vesicles .
111
Function of Golgi complex
- The main function :
- - It is responsible for concentrating ,accumulating and packaging of the secretory product of the cell
- - - adds sulfate to certain secretory products by sulfotransferase enzyme
- - - adds carbohydrates components to certain secretory products by sugar transferase enzyme
- - polysaccharides synthesizing , specially glycogen .
- - - coupling of polysaccharide and protein to form glycoprotein .
112
Enzymatic contents of lysosomes
- Contains hydrolytic enzymes as : protease , nuclease , lipase , glycosides and acid phosphatase enzymes
113
Function of hydrolytic enzymes
- its main function : intra cytoplasmic digestion of nutritive and foreign substances
114
Formation of lysosomes GERL process
Step one
- The hydrolytic enzymes has protein nature so they are synthesized in the RER
Step two
- the enzymes migrate to Golgi complex as transfer vesicles
Step three
- in Golgi complex the enzymes are collected , concentrated and enveloped to by “ lysosome “
Step four
- lysosomes are budded off from Golgi complex into cytoplasm , and now are called “ primary lysosomes “
115
Formation of secondary lysosomes
- Th secondary lysosomes appears when “ primary lysosomes fuse with cytoplasmic foreign bodies ( phagosome or pinocytotic vesicle or old cell organelles ) “
- other type of secondary lysosomes called multivesicular bodies ( primary lysosome fused with pinocytotic vesicle )
116
Fate of lysosomes
- if they are not fused with any cytoplasmic foreign bodies or nutritive elements , called “ Primary lysosomes “.
- if they are fused with any foreign body , called “ Secondary lysosomes “
- after the digestion of the contents and diffusion of their material to the cytoplasm the remaining vacuole is called “ Residual body “
- this residual body its going to be expelled outside the cell by “ Exocytosis “
117
Lysosomes under fluorescent microscope ( L. M )
Appear as black granules
118
Number of lysosomes
Very in number according to the function of each cell
119
Primary lysosomes under E.L
Appear as homogeneous rounded vesicle , surrounded by a single smooth membrane formed of lipoprotein ( lipid + protein ) molecule
120
Secondary lysosomes under E. L
Appears as heterogeneous rounded bodies
121
Function of lysosomes
- Defend the body against invading organisms as bacteria viruses
- - in leucocytes destroy the phagocytosed bacteria and viruses
- facilitate the process of penetration of sperm to ovum during fertilization
- they hydrolyse ( eat or digest ) the protein which is re absorbed by the cells of the kidney tubules preventing escape of protein in urine
122
Function of primary lysosomes
Perform digestive function
123
Function of S.E.R
- Detoxification of excess drugs or hormones which may accumulate in the body
- they play a role in muscular contraction , through the process of calcium pump
- regulating of mineral metabolism , they play a role in formation of HCL
- synthesis of glycogen , in liver cells .
- synthesis lipid , in endocrine and liver cells “ they form steroid hormones , lipid and lipoprotein .
124
S.E.R under E.L
It appears as anastomosing tubules with smooth wall , there are no ribosomes on their outer surface .
125
S.E.R under L.M
It cannot be stained with basic stain so we cannot see it under light microscope.
126
Location of S.E.R
Present in great amounts in cells which synthesize lipids , lipoprotein , cholesterol , glycogen and steroid hormones as liver cells and endocrine cells .
127
Position of S.E.R
It extends between the nucleus and cell membrane
128
Function of R.E.R
- Synthesis and segregation of protein ( ribosomes synthesis protein from amino acids ) protein with hormonal nature or protein with enzymatic nature .
- storage of the formed protein
- packaging of the formed protein , separate the ( enzymatic protein ) from ( hormonal protein ) .
- delivery of packaging protein as transfer vesicles to fuse with Golgi complex .
- also protects the cytoplasm from the formed hydrolytic enzymes ( these enzymes are enclosed in membrane which are formed by R.E.R )
129
Staining of R.E.R
Basophilic in stain it can be stained with hematoxylin and elusin , due to presence of ribosome’s ( r RNA ) on their outer surface
130
R.E.R under E.M
Tubules of rough endoplasmic reticulum om are covered by single membrane
131
Location of R.E.R
It is present in greater amounts in protein forming/synthesis cells as :
- fibroblast cells
- pancreatic cells
- liver cells
- osteoblast cells
- plasma cells
132
Position of R.E.R
Present in the whole cytoplasm between the nucleus and the cell membrane
