Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

transforms info into form that can be stored in memory

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

maintains info in memory across time

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

brings stored memory to mind

Question 4

“Baker/baker” and “Farmer/farmer” paradox

Answer 4

easier to associate baker the profession than the name because we can easily picture a baker

Question 5

Sensory memory (multi-store model)

Answer 5

• cognitive control; automatic response

- iconic, echoic and haptic

Question 6

Iconic (sensory memory)

Answer 6

(fast decaying) store of visual info

Question 7

Echoic (sensory memory)

Answer 7

(fast decaying) auditory info

Question 8

Haptic (sensory memory)

Answer 8

touch stimuli

Question 9

Short term memory (multi-store model)

Answer 9

chunking and working memory

Question 10

Chunking (STM)

Answer 10

chunking numbers into groups

Question 11

Working memory (STM)

Answer 11

• activate maintenance of info; 3 basic stores + 1 buffer

- central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and multimodal episodic buffer

Question 12

Central executive (working memory)

Answer 12

attention sensory store

Question 13

Phonological loop (working memory)

Answer 13

auditory process (repeating # multiple times)

Question 14

Visuospatial sketchpad (working memory)

Answer 14

stores visual (imagining images) and spatial info (judging distances)

Question 15

Multimodal episodic buffer (working memory)

Answer 15

visual, spatial, verbal info and chronological ordering (remembering movie scene)

Question 16

Long term memory (multi-store model)

Answer 16

capacity is immeasurably large

Question 17

Prospective (LTM)

Answer 17

content to be remembered is in the past

Question 18

Retrospective (LTM)

Answer 18

• content to be remembered is in the future

- non-declarative/implicit and declarative/explicit

Question 19

Non-declarative/implicit (retrospective)

Answer 19

• not based on conscious recall of info

- procedural memory, conditioned reflex, emotional conditioning and priming

Question 20

Procedural memory (non-declarative/implicit)

Answer 20

motor skills (rinding a bike)

Question 21

Conditioned reflex (non-declarative/implicit)

Answer 21

classical and operant conditioning

Question 22

Emotional conditioning (non-declarative/implicit)

Answer 22

phobia, nausea, anger, etc

Question 23

Priming (non-declarative/implicit)

Answer 23

environmental cues that unconsciously play a role is one’s decision making

Question 24

Declarative/explicit (retrospective)

Answer 24

• requires conscious recall

- semantic and episodic

Question 25

Semantic (declarative/explicit)

Answer 25

principles and facts

Question 26

Episodic (declarative/explicit)

Answer 26

specific particular context (time and place), personal memories; "firsts" in life

Question 27

Types of memory

Answer 27

-recognition, recall, flashbulb and panoramic

Question 28

Recognition (type of memory)

Answer 28

multiple-choice questions

Question 29

Recall (type of memory)

Answer 29

essay questions (require to retrieve learned info)

Question 30

Flashbulb (type of memory)

Answer 30

clear episodic memories of unique and highly emotional events

Question 31

Panoramic (type of memory)

Answer 31

rapidly sees much or totality of their life in chronological sequence and detail, life "flashing before their eyes"

Question 32

Physiology - hippocampus

Answer 32

- special learning and declarative memory - retrograde amnesia (result from damage to hippocampus): loss of memory for event that occurred shortly before time of brain damage

Question 33

Memory disorders | Not memory disorders

Answer 33

- repression, anterograde vs. retrograde and Ribot's law | - eidetic memory, absentmindedness and tip-of-the-tongue

Question 34

Repression (memory disorder)

Answer 34

dissociative amnesia (no recollection of being sexually abused as a child)

Question 35

Anterograde vs. retrograde (memory disorder)

Answer 35

- anterograde: memory loss of events following an injury | - retrograde: memory loss of events that happened shortly before loss of consciousness

Question 36

Ribot's law (memory disorder)

Answer 36

- older memories somehow strengthen | - recent memories are more likely to be lost

Question 37

Eidetic memory (NOT a memory disorder)

Answer 37

occurs in children, photographic memory

Question 38

Absentmindedness (NOT a memory disorder)

Answer 38

encoding failure, memory failure due to lack of attention (remembering details on coin)

Question 39

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (NOT a memory disorder)

Answer 39

temporary failure to retrieve a word from memory that one knows - temporary retrieval failure: not enough retrieval cues to prompt remembering - retrieval cues: mental reminders by forming vivid mental images or associating new info with others

Question 40

Factors that influence memory

Answer 40

-levels of processing, serial position effect, doorway effect, decay (transience), interference and context

Question 41

Levels of processing (factors that influence memory)

Answer 41

- visual (structure): recognition of patterns of letters - acoustic (sound): sounds (rhyming) - aemantic (concept): meaning (tool = instrument) - emotional (personal connection): the deepest, likes and dislikes

Question 42

Serial position effect (factors that influence memory)

Answer 42

- primacy effect: recall items at the beginning | - recency effect: recall items at the end

Question 43

Doorway effect (factors that influence memory)

Answer 43

arriving somewhere and forgetting what you went there to do

Question 44

Decay/transience (factors that influence memory)

Answer 44

memories that are not used get weaker with time

Question 45

Interference (factors that influence memory)

Answer 45

- proactive: info stored before a memory blocks someone's ability to remember - retroactive: info stores after a memory blocks someone's ability to remember

Question 46

Context (factors that influence memory)

Answer 46

mood congruence effect; happy people remember happy memories, sad people remember sad memories

Question 47

Memory as reconstruction

Answer 47

-misinformation effect (lotus) and imagination inflation

Question 48

Misinformation effect (lotus) (memory as reconstruction)

Answer 48

false info received by subject after they've received correct info which can distort their understanding

Question 49

Imagination inflation (memory as reconstruction)

Answer 49

had falsely claimed to see an item or done an action when it was only imagined