Memory

Question 1

What does the MSM stand for and consist of?

Answer 1

Multistore Model
Sensory
STM
LTM

Question 2

What does STM and LTM stand for?

Answer 2

Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory

Question 3

How do you move sensory information into the STM?

Answer 3

Attention

Question 4

How does data in STM move to the LTM

Answer 4

Elaborate Rehearsal

Question 5

How is data kept in the STM?

Answer 5

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 6

Name the duration and capacity of the sensory register

Answer 6

250 milliseconds, High capacity

Question 7

Name the type of coding used for the STM and LTM, and who discovered it and how

Answer 7

Acoustic (STM), Semantic (LTM), discovered by Baddeley (used 4 word lists)

Question 8

Capacity of STM, discovered by who and how

Answer 8

5+-2, discovered by miller by chunking (chunk miller)

Question 9

Capacity of LTM

Answer 9

Unlimited

Question 10

Duration of STM, who and how

Answer 10

18-30 seconds, Peter and Peterson trigrams

Question 11

Duration of LTM, who and how

Answer 11

Forever, Bahrick used photos and asked people to recall

Question 12

Name the three types of LTM

Answer 12

Episodic, Semantic, Procedural

Question 13

Describe Episodic LTM and give an example

Answer 13

Memories which are specific to you, such as events, birthdays, holidays etc.

Question 14

Describe Semantic LTM and give an example

Answer 14

The Knowledge of the world / General Knowledge, such as the capital of France, the chord of D, the cost of an apple etc.

Question 15

Describe Procedural LTM and give an example

Answer 15

Remembering how to do something manual, such as playing instrument, riding a bike. This is very hard to forget, hard to explain, “muscle memory”

Question 16

What does WMM stand for, and why was it made

Answer 16

Working memory model, people started to say that the STM was active

Question 17

Name the 4 parts of the WMM

Answer 17

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer

Question 18

Name the Purpose of the Central Executive

Answer 18

Monitors data from VSS and PL, and allocates resources accordingly

Question 19

Describe the Capacity and Coding of the Central Executive

Answer 19

Capacity: Limited
Coding : Modality Free

Question 20

Describe the purpose of the Phonological Loop

Answer 20

Stores words you hear. Rehearses words being processed

Question 21

What are the two parts of the Phonological Loop?

Answer 21

Phonological Store (Inner Ear) , Articulatory Process (Inner Voice)

Question 22

What is the Capacity and Coding type of the Phonological Loop?

Answer 22

Capacity: 2 seconds worth of information
Coding: Acoustic

Question 23

What is the purpose of the Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 23

Store Visual data in visual cache. Manipulate / arrange images in visual field

Question 24

What is the capacity and coding type of the Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 24

Capacity: 3-4 objects
Coding Type: Visual

Question 25

Describe the Purpose of the Episodic Buffer

Answer 25

Brings together information processed by the PL and VSS. Maintains a sense of time. Links to the LTM

Question 26

Describe the Capacity and Coding type of the Episodic Buffer

Answer 26

Capacity: Limited, about 4 chunks Coding Type: Modality Free

Question 27

Who researched the WMM?

Answer 27

Baddeley

Question 28

Explain may find looking at photos and listening to music easy, but struggles to talk to someone while reading a book

Answer 28

Listening to music and looking at photos use different slave systems (PL and VSS), so can occur with eachother easily. However talking and reading a book both use the PL, and so are hard to do at the same time

Question 29

What is it called when you can't remember something?

Answer 29

Retrieval Failure

Question 30

What is it called when trying to remember something new, you get it confused with something old?

Answer 30

Retroactive Interference

Question 31

What is it called when trying to remember something old, you get it confused with something new?

Answer 31

Proactive Interference

Question 32

What is the name of the two types of cues?

Answer 32

Contextual, State

Question 33

What is a contextual cue associated with?

Answer 33

The environemnt where it happened

Question 34

What is a state cue associated with?

Answer 34

The mental state you were in, e.g. drunk, fear

Question 35

Name a case study which studied state cues

Answer 35

Baddeley, divers in scotland. Rembering and recalling words either underwater or on land. Results showed that people rememberd more when in the state they learnt the things

Question 36

What does EWT stand for?

Answer 36

Eye Witness Testimony

Question 37

Who studied Leading Questions, and what did they do?

Answer 37

Loftus and Palmer. Showed volunteers a video of cars colliding with eachother. Then later asked participants to say which speed cars were going at, however used different words ("smashed, bumped, collided"). The more aggressive the word, the higher the speed they predicted. Also asked if the glass broke, most said yes even though it didn't

Question 38

What was the Johnsonn and Scott study? (Hint : to do with EWT anxiety)

Answer 38

Participants heard an argument, then saw someone walk out with either a blood w/ knife, or a pen with grease. Most people only focused on the weapon, and were unable to correctly identify the man

Question 39

Why might the argument of stress affecting EWT be unreliable?

Answer 39

A study was once carried out where people had to recognise someone after seeing them with an object. People recalled the least when the person had a raw chicken, as it was unusual. Therefore, there is an argument that unusualness affects eyewitness testiomny more than stress

Question 40

Explain 'tunnel vision'

Answer 40

when you focus only on the weapon due to stress

Question 41

What are schemars?

Answer 41

Memory is a reconstruction, not an exact video of something. Therefore, schemars in the brain try to make sense of what you are remembering while reconstructing

Question 42

What is the 1st stage of cognitive interview?

Answer 42

Report Everything - Witnesses report all they now, as memories are interconnected. By reporting even seemingly meaningless details, this may give a cue to something very important

Question 43

What is the 2nd stage of cognitive interview

Answer 43

Reinsate the context. Imagine feelings, emotions around you at the time (gives more cues)

Question 44

What is the 3rd stage of cognitive interview

Answer 44

Reverse the order. By recalling things in a non-chronological way, the schemars may reconstruct memory differently and give a crucial detail. Sometimes after remembering what happened, witnesses may have got things wrong. By re-remembering it, things may be done differently

Question 45

What is the 4th and final stage of cognitive interview

Answer 45

Change the Perspective. Imagine yourself as other people at the crime. Can give some more cues

Question 46

What is ECI?

Answer 46

Enhanced Cognitive Interview. Reduced anxiety and more relaxed. Interiewers don't interrupt, there are only open questions

Question 47

What is MCI?

Answer 47

Modern Cognitive Interview. Only uses first 2 stages of cognitive interview, done if there is less time. It is less complex, and helps children as they struggle to reverse order and change perspective.