Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 types of ltm + give brief explanation

Answer 1

• episodic - episodes in life .. birthdays
• semantic - known facts - capital of India
• procedural - making tea, riding a bike step by step processes

Question 2

How is the capacity + duration of ltm

Answer 2

• infinite capacity - no way to test it as ppl often forget facts and info
• longer duration than stm
• larger capacity than stm

Question 3

What is it called when ppl cant recall memories from life before age of 2

Answer 3

Childhood amnesia

Or

Infantile amnesia

Question 4

Evidence for duration of long term memory A01

Answer 4

Bahrick- field study

• asked 392 American graduates to identify ppl from their school yearbook
• ppts given list of names to match ro faces
• some cases went back to 47 years

Question 5

Bahricks study for duration of long term memory A03 what does it suggest

Answer 5

• those recalling from 14 years ago recalled 90%

• those recalling from 47 years ago recalled 60%

• suggests ltm lasts a lifetime as 60% recall after 47 years is not likely to fade too much after

Question 6

Evaluating Bahrick research duration and long term memory A03

Answer 6

• field study so has good ecological validity as experiment was realistic to real life events

• had less control over variables in study

Question 7

More evaluation into bahricks.. what limitations ppts A03

Answer 7

• some ppts may have had better recall as they were in touch w ppl in ywar book or lived in same town

• other ppts may have bad recall as they never knew names to begin w

• study also never explains why memory gets worse as aging

Question 8

How does long term memory get encoded

Answer 8

• semantically .. found by baddeley

Question 9

What is evidence for encoding in long term A01

Answer 9

• baddeley gave ppts four lists of words to learn

• acoustically similar- sound the same eg bat cat

• acoustically dissimilar- do not sound same police car

• semantically similar- words w same meaning . Large big

• semangically disimalr- diff meaning words . Computer chair

Question 10

How were the lists of words presented in Baddeleyes encoding study

Answer 10

• visually represented
• ppts had to remember in order presented

Question 11

What were the findings of baddeleys encoding experiment A03

Answer 11

• semantically similar words had worst recall- getting them in correct order was difficult as they all meant the same thing

• no diff in ltm for acoustically similar of dissimilar

• from this concluded ltm relied on semantic encoding to process info

Question 12

Evaluation of baddeley encoding ltm A03

Answer 12

• lab experiment so lacked ecological validity as tasks do not relate to real life

• words had little meaning to ppts so harder to recall

• info that is recalled in real life has significant meaning making recall easy

Question 13

What are the 5 types of sensory memory

Answer 13

• iconic memory from sight or light - u remember cinema for how light went down

•echoic memory: sound or auditory - recall a song

• haptic memory- touch - u can recall how rain touches skin

• olfactory memory- smell- smell of fresh bread reminds u of something

• gustatory memory- memory from taste - taste of something might remind u of childhood or memory

Question 14

What is stm

Answer 14

• holds small amount of info for short time
• capacity and duration of stm is more than sensory memory but less than ltm
• seen as a holding device and can be moved to ltm if not forgotten

Question 15

Study for capacity of atm A01

Answer 15

• miller - indicated capacity as 7 items plus or minus 2

• he did an experiment where asked ppts to recall info but kept adding phrases after
• found that ppts struggled between 5-9 words
• known as millers magic 7

Question 16

A03 evaluating millers study for stm

Answer 16

• was a lab experiment so variables highly controlled so were extraneous variables

•replicable so it was more reliable

• lacked ecological validity as study wasn’t replicating real life events

Question 17

A03 a study that supports millers study for capacity of stm

Answer 17

• jacobs replicated study of millers
• he used digits instead of numbers
• found results similar to millers w average recall being around 7.3

• supports millers

Question 18

How long is duration of stm

Answer 18

18-30 seconds

Question 19

What study was done for duration of stm A01

Answer 19

PETERSON AND PETERSON

• ppts given “nonsense trigrams” to remember along with 3 digits numbers
• ppts had to recall trigrams after timed intervals delays 3s,6s,9s 12/15 or 18s

• during delay they were given distraction task such as dousing backwards

• done to prevent them rehearing during delay

Question 20

A03 findings of Peterson& Peterson duration of stm study

Answer 20

• after 3 secs 80% of ppl recalled correctly

• aftwr 18s fewer than 10% recalled

Shows recall gets worse as time delay grew

Question 21

Evaluation A03 of Peterson & Peterson stm duration study

Answer 21

• low external validity as they used artificial stimuli to measure duration of stm

• well controlled study

• trigrams do not reflect everyday activities - so lacks ecological validity as it may not be possible to generalise findings .. also

• doesn’t prove decay so it challenges the validity

Question 22

What is the multi store model of memory

Answer 22

A cognitive model of memory containing three inputs

• sensory memory, stm and ltm

Works similarly to how a computer is designed

Question 23

How does sensory memory go to stm

Answer 23

Attention

Question 24

How does stm go to ltm and back

Answer 24

Recall
And rehearsal

Question 25

A03 for multi store memory

Answer 25

Glanzer + cunitz - primary recency effect • if u give ppts a list of words to learn and allow to recall in any order • find that first few words and last few words remembered this is coz • first few words have been rehearsed • last few words are in stm so duration is less than 18 seconds Proves there are two diff stores

Question 26

More A03 studies for multi store memory 2

Answer 26

Squire et al • conducted brain scan on ppts stm and ltm seen located on diff parts of brain • indicates diff areas and stores

Question 27

More A03 studies for multi store memory & working mem 3

Answer 27

KF case study- motorcycle accident Severe damage to stm but ltm intact supports wmm but contradicts msm - coz shows there's more stores in stm coz there's verbal and visual so its not jus unitary shows msm too simplistic - struggled to process verbal info but visual memory unaffected - shows visual info and verbal is stored separately evidence for phonological loop & visuospatial sketchpad

Question 28

Evaluating multi store memory A03

Answer 28

- very influential past 50 years - lots of evidence from brain scans to case studies - oversimplifies short term memory - diff types of ltm that are not mentioned ( episodic semantic procedural ) - model ignore factors like motivation to learn and transfer stuff to ltm

Question 29

Why was the wmm by baddeley and hitch introduced

Answer 29

- to respond to oversimplified multi memory model

Question 30

What features in working memory model

Answer 30

• Central executive: controls all info • phonological loop: holds speech/ sound info • Visuo spatial sketch pad: visual and spatial info stored • episodic buffer: added in 2000 temporary storage used to change info from VSS and PL, ensures all info link together

Question 31

Come back to evaluation of working memory model😐😐😐

Question 32

What is interference

Answer 32

• ways which info is lost from long term memory • another memory gets in the way - prevents retrieval of one memory

Question 33

What r the two types of interference

Answer 33

• retroactive interference- Retro = new memory interfenrevs with old one - forget old number coz u know new one •proactive interference - pro forwards.. cannot move forward as old memory interferes w new - struggling to remember new phone number as keep recalling old one

Question 34

Research supporting interference A01 and AO3

Answer 34

• postman Learning items of second list interfered w ppts ability to recall first line - retroactive interference AO3: lab experiment variables highly controlled lacked mundane realism - easily replicable Baddeley and Hitch- Rugby players that played every match found that harder to recall earlier matches players who played every match more likely to forget ; retroactive interference- - real life experiment w real life memories so had good ecological validity

Question 35

What is cue dependwnt retrieval failure

Answer 35

• when u cannot access memory in LTM coz no clues to help • retrieval happens when findings memory and context should help but if no context then can’t find memory • the encoding specificity principle ESP states cues must be present when memory is encoded to be retried Examples of esp codes r mnemonics

Question 36

One supporting supporting cue dependent retrieval failure A01

Answer 36

• godden & baddeley Study of deep divers working underwater • 2 extreme settings learnt material on land or underwater

Question 37

A03 evaluation of supporting research for cue dependent retrieval failure

Answer 37

• accurate recall was 40% lower in non matching conditions • the external cues available at learning were diff from ones at recall and led to retrieval failure But real life does not reflect this as rooms are the same

Question 38

What is state dependent retrieval failure

Answer 38

• ppl find it easier to recall info if they’re in same emotional / physical state they were when lewneing it • if person learnt something when they were upset theyre more likely to recal it when upsey

Question 39

Supporting evidence for state dependent retrieval failure A01

Answer 39

Cater & cassady • gave ppts antihistamine drugs to change physiological state makes them drowsy ° ppts had to learn list of words and recall info in 4 conditions -on drug recall off drug - off drug recall on drug bla bla

Question 40

Findings and A03 of another supporting for state dependent learning study carter and cassady

Answer 40

• mismatch between internal state at learning and recall performance on memory test was much worse • so when cues r absent (drowsy when recalling info but alert when learning) then there is more forgetting supporting the state dependent retrieval failure theory AO3: • performance on test could’ve been result of individual differences in IQ rather than state dependent

Question 41

Another A01 and AO3 supporting state deepened t retrieval failure

Answer 41

• Goodwin et al • ppts who learned info drunk recalled info easily next day drunk rather than sober - ethical conserns of sncourinv ppt to get drunk means stidy cannot be replicated toxat

Question 42

What is eye witness testinmony EWT & leading questions

Answer 42

• very important in criminal trials and has often been used as evidence to convict someone • some psych research has shown it to be unreliable under certain conditions

Question 43

What is a leading question

Answer 43

Quesyings altwrex in the way asked to find described response Eg • did you see THE car? Instead of did you see a car?

Question 44

What can leading questions do

Answer 44

• mislead and prompt eye witness to give a desired response even if not true , can recall incorrectly • substitution explanation Loftus and palmer show leading questions change a persons event of recall by adding things that’s werengvthere Eg broken glass at crash scene

Question 45

Research into leading question 1.

Answer 45

Loftus and palmer • strength of a verb used in a critical question - ppts heard word “smashed” and others heard “contacted” they significantly assumed smashed was at a high speed

Question 46

Palmer and Loftus A03

Answer 46

• watched clips of car crashes - low ecological validity as it’s not like watching real life vid not same emotions - supports leading question theory tho

Question 47

Another research evidence into leading questions

Answer 47

• yullie and cutshall - real life shooting eye witnesses - not misled by manipulative leading questions - showing ppl who actually witnessed it won’t change their pov coz of leading quesyions

Question 48

A03 yullie and cutshall leading questions

Answer 48

• study has high validity as ppts recalled actual real life events • ethical issues

Question 49

What is eye witness testimony (EWT) and anxiety correlation

Answer 49

• anxiety can have either posi or neg effect on eyewitness • being in a heightened physiological arousal can enhance eye witness testimony • TUNNEL theory proposes idea that presence of weapon can have negative effect on EWT (weapon focus effect) • Yerkes dodson law applies to ETW and anxiety as too much arousal induced by anxiety can impair cognitive functions such a memory

Question 50

Research supporting eye witness testimony and anxiety

Answer 50

Yullie + cutshaw • ppt who were real life eyewitnesses of shooting weren’t misled by false info + leading questions .. positive effect on memory due to anxiety coz recall better • ppts told to mark their anxiety levels from 1-7 • recall was better when stress levels high 88%

Question 51

Yullie + cutshaw AO3 of ETW + anxiety

Answer 51

• 13 ppts witnessing unique real life event meaning cannot be replicated due to uniqueness so cannot be replicated .. low external validity AO3 - ethical codes coz traumatic event

Question 52

Anither supporyibf evidence for ETW + anxiety AO3

Answer 52

Loftus et al. • ppts saw pic of person in restaurant holding gun .. were less likely to identify this person than ppts who saw him with a check book .. negative effect on menory

Question 53

Loftus et al ETW+ anxiety AO3

Answer 53

• ppts may have just been surprised when seeing gun so this is weapon focus effect - not valid conclusion from findings

Question 54

What was yerkes- doson law can use as part of AO3 for EYEWITNESS TESTIOMONH AND ANXIETT

Answer 54

• have to be at optimal arousal physiologically to perform at best level in recalling events - links to anxiety and eyewitness statement

Question 55

Weapon focus effect what is it and a contradicting study

Answer 55

• when ppls ewt is worse due ti a weapon as they see this as a threat • pickel challenged this and made 3 situations one guy w a handgun chicken and scissors • wanted to prove that eyewitness testimony got worse not coz of threat and anxiety but unusualness - found that ewt got worse w chicken as unusual

Question 56

Johnson + Scott AO1 + AO3 negative effect of anxiety on eye witness testimony

Answer 56

• ppts gone for interveiw and heard 2 ppl arguing • ppts w low anxiety saw a person walk out w a leaking pen dripping ink • ppts w high anxiety said they saw someone walk out w knife dripping blood - ppts deceived thiught they were going to interview brekas ethical codes - protection from harm exposed ppts to man holding bloody knife can leave ppts w ptsd • 49% recall for low anxiety and 33% recall for high anxiety showing Eyewitness testimony get worse w high anxiety

Question 57

What techniques did cognitive interview use 4 techniques

Answer 57

1 • reinstate the context- Individual forced to recreate physical and physiological state of where things occurred to help act as cues 2 • report everything- Individual asked to repeat everything 3 • change perspective 4 • change order

Question 58

Who came up w the cognitive interview

Answer 58

• fisher et al After police force got criticism for how they conducted their interviews

Question 59

Supporting evidence for cognitive interview A01

Answer 59

Fisher - The cognitive interview process produced 46% more accurate detail and 90% more accurate than standard police interviews

Question 60

Fisher AO3 cog int

Answer 60

• the Cog interview requires trained officers also takes a lot of time more expensive

Question 61

Another supporting evidence of cog interview AO1

Answer 61

Milne and Bull - found report everything and and reinstate context better at producing recall than other 2 elements AO3: • findings could be used to improve cognitive interview and shorten and better the process