Memory

Question 1

Define encoding.

Answer 1

.When you change or translate information so that it could be understood by the brain.

Question 2

Define retrieval.

Answer 2

.When information is located in the brain but it is brought back suddenly.

Question 3

Define storage.

Answer 3

.When the information is in your brain for a period of time, even up to a lifetime.

Question 4

Define recognition.

Answer 4

.When you remember an item based on the fact that you have seen it before.

Question 5

Define cued recall.

Answer 5

.When you are struggling to recall information but you are given a clue or cue to remember(retrieve) the information.

Question 6

Define free recall.

Answer 6

When you are able to remember or retrieve information without any clues.

Question 7

Name three types of long-term memory.

Answer 7

.Episodic memory
.Semantic memory
.Procedural memory

Question 8

Define episodic memory

Answer 8

.Episodic memory is based on our past experiences in life.

Question 9

Give an example of episodic memory

Answer 9

.Remembering a childhood best friend or family.

Question 10

What is meant by semantic memory?

Answer 10

.Semantic memory is based around the knowledge and meanings that we share with others from what we know.

Question 11

Give an example of semantic memory

Answer 11

The names of colours and fruits

Question 12

What is meant by procedural memory?

Answer 12

.Procedural memory is known as our muscle memory.

.This is based on remembering how to do things.

Question 13

Give an example of procedural memory

Answer 13

.How to wash the dishes.

Question 14

Define visual encoding

Answer 14

When information is encoded based on how it looks.

Question 15

Define acoustic encoding

Answer 15

When information is encoded based on how it sounds.

Question 16

Define semantic encoding

Answer 16

When is information is encoded based on its meaning.

Question 17

Define Multi-store model of memory.

Answer 17

.Multi-store model of memory describes the flow between three storage systems:

.Sensory memory
.Short term memory
.Long term memory

Question 18

How does the input from the environment goes to the sensory memory ?

Answer 18

Through Encoding

Question 19

How does sensory memory goes to short term memory?

Answer 19

.Through attention which is a process that makes people aware of the information in the memory.

Question 20

How does short term memory goes to long term memory ?

Answer 20

Through maintenance (Process of repeating information so that it stays in storage temporarily or permanently )

Question 21

How does long term memory goes to short term memory

Answer 21

Through retrieval

Question 22

Define displacement

Answer 22

Where the information is out of the storage by new information and becomes forgotten. This happens in the short term memory

Question 23

Define capacity

Answer 23

This is the information that can be held in memory e.g the capacity of STM 5-9 items .

Question 24

Whats the capacity in sensory memory

Answer 24

It’s unlimited .

Question 25

What’s the capacity of short term memory

Answer 25

Short term memory can hold up to 5-9 items

Question 26

What’s the capacity of long term memory

Answer 26

It can hold unlimited amount of items or words

Question 27

What’s the encoding in sensory memory

Answer 27

. It’s modality specific (depends on the sense being used e.g visual )

Question 28

What type of encoding is in short term memory

Answer 28

Acoustic

Question 29

What type of encoding is in long term memory?

Answer 29

Semantic

Question 30

Define Duration

Answer 30

This is how long the information lasts in the memory e.g information lasts 18-30 seconds in STM.

Question 31

What’s the duration of items in sensory memory

Answer 31

Less than 0.5 seconds

Question 32

What’s the duration of items in short term memory

Answer 32

10-30 seconds

Question 33

What’s the duration of items in long term memory ?

Answer 33

They can last forever

Question 34

What’s the strength of Multi store model of memory .

Answer 34

.There is support and evidence for the existence of different storage systems . .Baddeley’s study of encoding shows that LTM and STM encode information differently. He found that individuals encode acoustically in their short term memory and semantically in their long term memory. This shows that there are different stores for two types of memory .

Question 35

What’s a weakness of Mult-store model of memory .

Answer 35

. It is too simple as it suggests we only have one store of STM and one store of LTM . Research shows that STM can be divided into visual, acoustic, semantic stores. .And LTM into episodic , semantic , and procedural memory . .Therefore, memory is more complex and cannot be used solely to explain memory.

Question 36

Name another weakness of of Multi-store model of memory

Answer 36

. Baddeley’s research that’ supports multi store model of memory uses artificial materials . .For example, participants were asked to learn a list of words. This is not a representation of how individuals use memory in every day life. .this lowers the internal validity of the research . This weakens the support for the multi-store model of memory.

Question 37

What’s primary effect?

Answer 37

When words at the start of the list are likely to be recalled compared to the words in the middle of the list due to rehearsal.

Question 38

What’s recency effect ?

Question 39

Identify and explain one strength and one weakness of independent groups design.

Answer 39

Strengths= There are no order effects therefore participants will only do the task once. Weakness= there be may be partcipant variables because any difference in the results would be due to different people in each condition.

Question 40

Describe the method used by Bartlett in his ‘War of the Ghosts study’

Answer 40

. British participants were asked to listen to a native American story called the ‘War of the Ghosts”. .Bartlett used different techniques to measure the accuracy of memory. .One method was participants retelling the story in their own words to another person. This person then retold the story to another person and so on .

Question 41

Define interference

Answer 41

. Interference is when we have difficulty recalling information due to another information getting in the way. It is more likely to happen when two memories are similar .