Memory

Question 1

Who came up with the Multi Store Model?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 2

What are the three storage systems of the MSM?

Answer 2

Sensory store, Short term memory, Long term memory

Question 3

What comes into the sensory store and how is it encoded?

Answer 3

Environmental stimuli comes into the sensory store which is coded as modality specific.

Question 4

What are two examples of modality specific?

Answer 4

Echoic and Iconic

Question 5

What’s the capacity and duration of the sensory store?

Answer 5

It has unlimited capacity and a duration of 0.5 seconds.

Question 6

How does the information move from the sensory store to the STM and what happens if it doesn’t move through?

Answer 6

The information moves to the STM if we pay attention to the information otherwise its lost through decay.

Question 7

What’s the encoding of the STM?

Answer 7

The STM is coded acoustically

Question 8

What’s the capacity and duration of the STM?

Answer 8

A capacity of 5-9 items and a duration of 15-30 seconds

Question 9

What is used to keep the information in the STM to use in the 30 seconds? and how would the information be lost?

Answer 9

Maintenance rehearsal is used to hold the information and it can be lost through displacement or lack of the rehearsal

Question 10

What type of rehearsal will move the information from the STM to the LTM in the MSM? and how is it then used?

Answer 10

It is Elaborately rehearsed and then it must be retrieved for the STM to use

Question 11

What’s the capacity, duration, and encoding of the LTM in the MSM?

Answer 11

The capacity is unlimited, the duration could be a lifetime (unlimited), and the coding is semantic

Question 12

Why would information be forgotten from the LTM in the MSM?

Answer 12

If there is interference of similar information or absence of cues to help retrieval

Question 13

What are three explanations for forgetting?

Answer 13

Proactive and Retroactive interference, and retrieval failure due to absence of cues

Question 14

What is proactive interference?

Answer 14

When previous memories interferes with recent similar memories

Question 15

What’s retroactive interference?

Answer 15

When recent memories interfere with previous memories

Question 16

What research supports the idea that interference causes certain types of forgetting?

Answer 16

The study by Underwood

Question 17

What theoretical issues does the interference theory have?

Answer 17

The theory comes from artificial lab experiments into memory

Question 18

What does Tulving’s encoding specificity principle explain?

Answer 18

The greater the dissimilarity between the encoding event and retrieval event, the greater the likelihood of forgetting an original memory.

Question 19

What are the three type of absence’s cues?

Answer 19

Absence of: Context cues, state cues, organisational cues

Question 20

What is absence of context cues?

Answer 20

This relates to externa; retrieval cues and occurs when the external environment is different at recall to how it was during coding.

Question 21

What is absence of state cues?

Answer 21

This relates to internal retrieval cues and occurs when the internal environment is different at recall to how it was during coding

Question 22

What is absence of organisation cues?

Answer 22

This is a special type of context cues. They help us arrange and structure knowledge and materials.

Question 23

What are leading questions?

Answer 23

A question that either by form or content, suggests a desired answer or leads a witness to believe a desired answer is required

Question 24

What was the first half of the procedure of research done by Loftus and Palmer

Answer 24

Using independents measures design, 45 students were shown 7 films of traffic accidents. Then the students were given questionnaires about what they had seen.

Question 25

What was the conclusion from the Loftus and Palmer research?

Answer 25

There was a big difference between the verb "smashed" and "contacted" so the "verb" used did affect the recall of the speed even though they all saw the same clip

Question 26

What did Yuille and Cutshall find from their research?

Answer 26

That witnesses to an armed robbery in Canada gave very accurate reports of the crime four months after the event despite initially being given two misleading questions

Question 27

How can retroactive interference/media coverage lead to post event discussion that could damage EWT?

Answer 27

New information from what we see or hear being discussed about an incident or crime ( in the media via newspapers or TV) that then interferes with old information in our memory of the event

Question 28

How can conformity lead to post event discussion that could damage EWT?

Answer 28

Co-witnesses may reach a consensus view of what actually happened s they are influenced by the majority opinion, even if its not their original opinion of what they saw

Question 29

How can repeat interviewing lead to post event discussion that could damage EWT?

Answer 29

Each time an eye witness is interviewed there is a possibility that comments from the interviewer will become incorporated into their recollection of events

Question 30

Why would anxiety affect the accuracy of EWT?

Answer 30

Witnesses may be in a state of high arousal. This will be particularly likely if there is threat/danger.

Question 31

What are the three types of LTM?

Answer 31

Procedural memory, Semantic memory, Episodic memory

Question 32

What's procedural memory?

Answer 32

It is responsible for knowing how to do things, like riding a bike

Question 33

What's semantic memory?

Answer 33

It is responsible for storing information about the world, it's factual information that can be thought of as a dictionary of knowledge

Question 34

What's episodic memory?

Answer 34

It is responsible for storing information about events that we have experienced in our lives. These are time stamped events

Question 35

Who came up with the concept of the WMM?

Answer 35

Baddeley & Hitch

Question 36

What are the 4 components of working memory?

Answer 36

Central consecutive, Phonological loop, Episodic buffer, Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 37

What are the two sub-components of the phonological loop?

Answer 37

phonological store, articulatory control system

Question 38

What are the two sub-components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 38

Visual cache, inner scribe

Question 39

What is the encoding and capacity of the central executive?

Answer 39

It is coded modality free so there are no restrictions on the type of "sense" coding, and it's capacity is limited and it cant hold data from senses for long

Question 40

What's the job of the central executive?

Answer 40

It decides what working memory pays attention, it directs attention and gives priority to particular activities

Question 41

What's the encoding and capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 41

It is encoded visually and/or spatial - inner eye, and a limited capacity of approximately 3-4 objects

Question 42

What's the job of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 42

It deals with visual and spatial information, the visual cache stores the visual data and the inner scribe records the arrangements of objects in the visual field

Question 43

What's the encoding and capacity of the phonological loop?

Answer 43

The coding is auditory information and it preserves word order - inner ear, with a capacity limited with approximately 2 seconds

Question 44

What's the job of the phonological loop?

Answer 44

This temporarily retains language-based information.

Question 45

What's the encoding and capacity of the episodic buffer?

Answer 45

The encoding is visual and auditory, the capacity is limited to approximately 4 chunks of information

Question 46

What's the job of the episodic buffer?

Answer 46

The episodic buffer is an extra storage system but with limited capacity and it interprets information from all other areas

Question 47

What's a similarity and difference between procedural memory and semantic memory?

Answer 47

SIM: They both required encoding/learning of the knowledge at some point DIFF: procedural memories are non-declarative but semantic memories are declarative

Question 48

What's a similarity and difference between procedural memory and episodic memory?

Answer 48

SIM: Episodic memories are found in the hippocampus but procedural are found in the cerebellum DIFF: Procedural memories are "muscle memory" but episodic memories are "life event memories"

Question 49

What's a similarity and difference between episodic memory and semantic memory?

Answer 49

SIM: Episodic memories and semantic memories are both found in the hippocampus DIFF: May not know or recall when we encoded semantic memories but episodic memories are date and time stamped

Question 50

What are the three factors effecting the accuracy of EWT?

Answer 50

Leading questions, Post event discussion, anxiety

Question 51

What research is there into post-event discussion?

Answer 51

Gabbert et al.

Question 52

What research is there into anxiety and EWT?

Answer 52

Deffenbacher et al. and Johnson and Scott

Question 53

Who came up with the cognitive interview?

Answer 53

Fisher and Gieselman

Question 54

What are the 4 techniques of the cognitive interview?

Answer 54

Mental reinstatement of original context, Report everything, Change order, and Change perspective

Question 55

What is schema?

Answer 55

When the person has previous knowledge of similar crimes so may think expect that to happen, this leads to inaccurate EWT